Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... • NADH (Complex I) oxidation for 3 ATPs. NADH + 3 ADP + 3Pi NAD+ + 3 ATP • FADH2 (Complex II) oxidation for 2 ATPs. FADH2 + 2 ADP + 2Pi FAD + 2 ATP ...
... • NADH (Complex I) oxidation for 3 ATPs. NADH + 3 ADP + 3Pi NAD+ + 3 ATP • FADH2 (Complex II) oxidation for 2 ATPs. FADH2 + 2 ADP + 2Pi FAD + 2 ATP ...
... The aim of this study was to examine the carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolic responses to 48 h of hypoxia, as well as the hormonal adaptations using both normoxic controls and hypoxic animals in the fasted state to standardize for the marked hypophagia observed in response to hypoxia. Hypoxia ...
Aerobic Respiration
... • Animals get energy second- or thirdhand from plants or other organisms • Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP ...
... • Animals get energy second- or thirdhand from plants or other organisms • Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP ...
video slide
... funnel electrons into cellular respiration wide range of carbohydrates amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle fats -- glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
... funnel electrons into cellular respiration wide range of carbohydrates amino groups can feed glycolysis or the citric acid cycle fats -- glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ...
Stoking the Brightest Fires of Life Among Vertebrates
... the resulting high capacities for glucose phosphorylation show the contrast between the flight muscles of hummingbirds and bat species with high sugar diets and those of birds of other species (Crabtree and Newsholme 1972b) and non-nectarivorous bats (Yacoe et al. 1982). However, hexokinase is not e ...
... the resulting high capacities for glucose phosphorylation show the contrast between the flight muscles of hummingbirds and bat species with high sugar diets and those of birds of other species (Crabtree and Newsholme 1972b) and non-nectarivorous bats (Yacoe et al. 1982). However, hexokinase is not e ...
CHOLESTEROL 10/02-03/07 LEARNING OBJECTIVES 1) To
... D) Bacterial flora in the gut can remove glycine and taurine and regenerate bile acids. They can also convert some of the “primary” bile acids to “secondary” bile acids by removing a hydroxyl group to produce deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. E) Cholesterol levels can be lowered by increasing ...
... D) Bacterial flora in the gut can remove glycine and taurine and regenerate bile acids. They can also convert some of the “primary” bile acids to “secondary” bile acids by removing a hydroxyl group to produce deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid. E) Cholesterol levels can be lowered by increasing ...
Acetyl-Coenzyme A Assay Kit (MAK039) - Technical - Sigma
... Acetyl-CoA is an essential cofactor and carrier of acyl groups in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions. It is formed either by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria, by the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, or by the oxidative degradation of certain amino acids. Acetyl-CoA is t ...
... Acetyl-CoA is an essential cofactor and carrier of acyl groups in enzymatic acetyl transfer reactions. It is formed either by the oxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate in mitochondria, by the oxidation of long-chain fatty acids, or by the oxidative degradation of certain amino acids. Acetyl-CoA is t ...
The Role of the Krebs Cycle in Conjugation in
... In F x F - crosses the maximum yield of recombinants is about lod4 to per F + cell. Two donor mutants were independently isolated from strain 58-161 F + which were about 1000 times more productive in crosses with the same F- strain (Cavalli, 1950; Hayes, 19533). These mutants, which were unable to c ...
... In F x F - crosses the maximum yield of recombinants is about lod4 to per F + cell. Two donor mutants were independently isolated from strain 58-161 F + which were about 1000 times more productive in crosses with the same F- strain (Cavalli, 1950; Hayes, 19533). These mutants, which were unable to c ...
The Role of the Krebs Cycle in Conjugation in
... In F x F - crosses the maximum yield of recombinants is about lod4 to per F + cell. Two donor mutants were independently isolated from strain 58-161 F + which were about 1000 times more productive in crosses with the same F- strain (Cavalli, 1950; Hayes, 19533). These mutants, which were unable to c ...
... In F x F - crosses the maximum yield of recombinants is about lod4 to per F + cell. Two donor mutants were independently isolated from strain 58-161 F + which were about 1000 times more productive in crosses with the same F- strain (Cavalli, 1950; Hayes, 19533). These mutants, which were unable to c ...
Chapter 3
... – Primarily fatty acids (FA) • Stored as triglycerides • Stored in muscle cells and in adipose cells • Beta oxidation makes FAs available for Krebs Cycle – Release of FAs from adipose to blood stream – Hormone initiated – All working muscles have access to FAs via cellular storage or via blood strea ...
... – Primarily fatty acids (FA) • Stored as triglycerides • Stored in muscle cells and in adipose cells • Beta oxidation makes FAs available for Krebs Cycle – Release of FAs from adipose to blood stream – Hormone initiated – All working muscles have access to FAs via cellular storage or via blood strea ...
1. Fatty acids may be synthesized from dietary glucose via pyruvate
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
... (2) It increases glucose entry into the adipocytes, so that the formation of DHAP and glycerol-3phosphate is increased. The availability of these products of glycolysis increases the rate of reesterification of free fatty acids to triacylglycerols, thus reducing the rate of release of the fatty acid ...
Introduction
... short-chain fatty acids including acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. These short-chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the colon, and propionate inhibits hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. ...
... short-chain fatty acids including acetic, propionic, and butyric acids. These short-chain fatty acids can be absorbed in the colon, and propionate inhibits hepatic cholesterol biosynthesis. ...
20 Insulin Secretion and Action
... 3–6) are characterized by insufficient β-cell mass. Genetic defects are also responsible for several clinical diabetes syndromes and diabetes in some animal models. Defective expression of β-cell mitochondrial protein frataxin, a gene that is deficient in Friedreich ataxia, results in decreased β-ce ...
... 3–6) are characterized by insufficient β-cell mass. Genetic defects are also responsible for several clinical diabetes syndromes and diabetes in some animal models. Defective expression of β-cell mitochondrial protein frataxin, a gene that is deficient in Friedreich ataxia, results in decreased β-ce ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.