UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT
... glyceraldehyde, examples of epimers, mutarotation and its explanation, anomeric forms, classification of monosaccharides, linear and cyclic structure (glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose and fructose).Reactions and characteristics of aldehyde and keto group, action of acids and alkalies on sugars, r ...
... glyceraldehyde, examples of epimers, mutarotation and its explanation, anomeric forms, classification of monosaccharides, linear and cyclic structure (glucose, galactose, mannose, ribose and fructose).Reactions and characteristics of aldehyde and keto group, action of acids and alkalies on sugars, r ...
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
... The baking and winemaking industry have used alcohol fermentation for thousands of years – Yeasts are single-celled fungi that not only can use respiration for energy but can ferment under anaerobic conditions ...
... The baking and winemaking industry have used alcohol fermentation for thousands of years – Yeasts are single-celled fungi that not only can use respiration for energy but can ferment under anaerobic conditions ...
Chapter 6
... – a special type of tissue associated with the generation of heat and – more abundant in hibernating mammals and newborn infants. ...
... – a special type of tissue associated with the generation of heat and – more abundant in hibernating mammals and newborn infants. ...
CELLULAR RESPIRATION: AEROBIC HARVESTING OF ENERGY
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
... – the cells are packed full of mitochondria, – the inner mitochondrial membrane contains an uncoupling protein, which allows H+ to flow back down its concentration gradient without generating ATP, and – ongoing oxidation of stored fats generates additional ...
FORMATION OF AMMONIA
... ATPs.The urea cycle consumes 4 high energy phosphatebonds. However, fumarate formed in the4th step may be converted to malate. Malate when oxidised to oxaloacetate produces 1 NADH equivalent to 2.5 ATP. So net energy expenditureis only 1.5 high energy phosphates. The ureacycle and TCA cycle are inte ...
... ATPs.The urea cycle consumes 4 high energy phosphatebonds. However, fumarate formed in the4th step may be converted to malate. Malate when oxidised to oxaloacetate produces 1 NADH equivalent to 2.5 ATP. So net energy expenditureis only 1.5 high energy phosphates. The ureacycle and TCA cycle are inte ...
Cellular Respiration
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis ...
... Concept 9.3: The citric acid cycle completes the energyyielding oxidation of organic molecules • Before the citric acid cycle can begin, pyruvate must be converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis ...
Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration
... houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, where they undergo pyruvate oxidation before entering the Krebs cycle. The inner membrane of mitochondria serves several functions. It divides the mitochondrion into tw ...
... houses transport proteins, which move the two pyruvate molecules formed during glycolysis from the cytoplasm into the mitochondria, where they undergo pyruvate oxidation before entering the Krebs cycle. The inner membrane of mitochondria serves several functions. It divides the mitochondrion into tw ...
The optimal dietary DL-methionine on growth performance
... methionine supplemented groups and the control after 10 weeks of the feeding trial. Body composition. There was no significant difference on body composition and amino acid profile between dietary methionine supplemented group and the control (Tables 4 and 5). The dietary was formulated with concent ...
... methionine supplemented groups and the control after 10 weeks of the feeding trial. Body composition. There was no significant difference on body composition and amino acid profile between dietary methionine supplemented group and the control (Tables 4 and 5). The dietary was formulated with concent ...
All fatty acids are not equal: discrimination in plant membrane lipids
... carbons, they can have double bonds in unusual positions, or novel functional groups, such as hydroxy, epoxy, cyclic, halogen or an acetylenic group on their acyl chain (Fig. 1). Because their chemical structures deviate significantly from the common fatty acids and they are usually only found in a ...
... carbons, they can have double bonds in unusual positions, or novel functional groups, such as hydroxy, epoxy, cyclic, halogen or an acetylenic group on their acyl chain (Fig. 1). Because their chemical structures deviate significantly from the common fatty acids and they are usually only found in a ...
Chapter 9
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
... molecules are broken down in a series of steps • Electrons from organic compounds are usually first transferred to NAD+, a coenzyme • As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an oxidizing agent during cellular respiration • Each NADH (the reduced form of NAD+) represents stored energy that is tapp ...
PLUMBAGO ZEYLANICA TOXICITY IN RATS Research Article
... disorders along with other system associated diseases. Liver is a key organ regulating homeostasis within the body by various functions. Liver injury caused by toxic chemicals and certain drugs has been recognized as a toxicological problem. Hepatotoxicity is one of very common alime ...
... disorders along with other system associated diseases. Liver is a key organ regulating homeostasis within the body by various functions. Liver injury caused by toxic chemicals and certain drugs has been recognized as a toxicological problem. Hepatotoxicity is one of very common alime ...
Electron transport chain
... the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. ...
... the latest version of the Flash Player, which is available at http://get.adobe.com/flashplayer. ...
Mitochondria and energy production
... then differ with the destination of the protein (Fig. 3) [9]. • Polypeptides that are destined to form β-barrel proteins inside the outer membrane are carried by small Tim (translocase of the inner membrane) proteins of the intermembrane space to the SAM (sorting and assembly machinery) complex, whi ...
... then differ with the destination of the protein (Fig. 3) [9]. • Polypeptides that are destined to form β-barrel proteins inside the outer membrane are carried by small Tim (translocase of the inner membrane) proteins of the intermembrane space to the SAM (sorting and assembly machinery) complex, whi ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... • The FADH2 produced by the oxidation of succinate does not dissociate from the enzyme, but electrons are transferred directly from enzyme-bound FADH2 into the electron transport chain. • Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) is an integral membrane protein containing an iron-sulfur prosthetic group. ...
... • The FADH2 produced by the oxidation of succinate does not dissociate from the enzyme, but electrons are transferred directly from enzyme-bound FADH2 into the electron transport chain. • Succinate dehydrogenase (complex II) is an integral membrane protein containing an iron-sulfur prosthetic group. ...
Slide 1
... other mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) which are activated by calcium coming in through the calcium uniporter. Also note that electron carriers can autooxidize directly to oxygen, creating oxygen radicals (Co-Q is the major site of autooxidation) with as much as 5% of resting oxygen use due to thi ...
... other mitochondrial uncoupling proteins) which are activated by calcium coming in through the calcium uniporter. Also note that electron carriers can autooxidize directly to oxygen, creating oxygen radicals (Co-Q is the major site of autooxidation) with as much as 5% of resting oxygen use due to thi ...
Conjugated bilirubin
... Correlation of laboratory results is an indication of accuracy and appropriateness of results. In this case, increased levels of enzymes and bilirubin and lowered protein correlate with liver disease. The extent of the increased alkaline phosphatase and the presence of increases in ...
... Correlation of laboratory results is an indication of accuracy and appropriateness of results. In this case, increased levels of enzymes and bilirubin and lowered protein correlate with liver disease. The extent of the increased alkaline phosphatase and the presence of increases in ...
proteins
... Overview of AA metabolism Three sources of AA pool: 1) Proteolysis of food proteins 2) Proteolysis of tissue proteins 3) Synthesis of non-essential AA Three uses of AA pool: 1) Synthesis of tissue and plasma proteins 2) Synthesis of specialized nitrogen products 3) Deamination + utilisation of carb ...
... Overview of AA metabolism Three sources of AA pool: 1) Proteolysis of food proteins 2) Proteolysis of tissue proteins 3) Synthesis of non-essential AA Three uses of AA pool: 1) Synthesis of tissue and plasma proteins 2) Synthesis of specialized nitrogen products 3) Deamination + utilisation of carb ...
Lysine-Restricted Diet as Adjunct Therapy for Pyridoxine
... outcomes in seven children with ATQ deficiency (van Karnebeek et al. 2012). The results show that dietary lysine restriction (evidence level IV) in these children: (1) is tolerated without short-term adverse effects; (2) leads to decrease of potentially neurotoxic biomarkers in different body compar ...
... outcomes in seven children with ATQ deficiency (van Karnebeek et al. 2012). The results show that dietary lysine restriction (evidence level IV) in these children: (1) is tolerated without short-term adverse effects; (2) leads to decrease of potentially neurotoxic biomarkers in different body compar ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... Oxidation of 2 isocitrate (2NADH) 6 ATP Oxidation of 2 -ketoglutarate (2NADH) 6 ATP 2 Direct substrate phosphorylations (2GTP) 2 ATP Oxidation of 2 succinate (2FADH2) 4 ATP Oxidation of 2 malate (2NADH) 6 ATP 24 ATP Summary: 2Acetyl CoA + 24 ADP + 24 Pi 4CO2 + 2H2O + 24 ATP + 2 CoASH ...
... Oxidation of 2 isocitrate (2NADH) 6 ATP Oxidation of 2 -ketoglutarate (2NADH) 6 ATP 2 Direct substrate phosphorylations (2GTP) 2 ATP Oxidation of 2 succinate (2FADH2) 4 ATP Oxidation of 2 malate (2NADH) 6 ATP 24 ATP Summary: 2Acetyl CoA + 24 ADP + 24 Pi 4CO2 + 2H2O + 24 ATP + 2 CoASH ...
Ketosis
Ketosis /kɨˈtoʊsɨs/ is a metabolic state where most of the body's energy supply comes from ketone bodies in the blood, in contrast to a state of glycolysis where blood glucose provides most of the energy. It is characterised by serum concentrations of ketone bodies over 0.5 millimolar, with low and stable levels of insulin and blood glucose. It is almost always generalized with hyperketonemia, that is, an elevated level of ketone bodies in the blood throughout the body. Ketone bodies are formed by ketogenesis when liver glycogen stores are depleted (or from metabolising medium-chain triglycerides). The main ketone bodies used for energy are acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate, and the levels of ketone bodies are regulated mainly by insulin and glucagon. Most cells in the body can use both glucose and ketone bodies for fuel, and during ketosis, free fatty acids and glucose synthesis (gluconeogenesis) fuel the remainder.Longer-term ketosis may result from fasting or staying on a low-carbohydrate diet, and deliberately induced ketosis serves as a medical intervention for intractable epilepsy. In glycolysis, higher levels of insulin promote storage of body fat and block release of fat from adipose tissues, while in ketosis, fat reserves are readily released and consumed. For this reason, ketosis is sometimes referred to as the body's ""fat burning"" mode.