Download Biology and the Body Final Review 2014

Name:__________________
My final is on: June 18th
Biology and the Body Final Review 2014
Once exams begin on Monday, June 16th, I will no longer be able to answer specific questions about
content. General questions may be answered.
Human Systems and Transport Across the Membrane
1.
Complete the following table.
System
Key Organs
Function or Role
Nervous
Immune
Nervous System
1.
What is the role of the neuron in the body?
2.
How does a neuron send a signal from one cell to another?
3.
Explain addiction and the reason why many drugs are so addictive. Remember to
discuss neurotransmitters and their effect.
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4.
Draw a picture of two neurons, and label their parts (synapse, receptor proteins,
neurotransmitters, presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, reuptake proteins, axon,
dendrite, cell body.)
5.
How does a drug like cocaine abnormally stimulate the next neuron? Use the
terms reuptake/transport proteins, blocking, etc. Draw a picture, if it helps to
visualize.
Immune System
1. Identify the body’s (4) physical barriers to pathogen invasion. Explain how each
one helps prevent infection.
2. Explain the differences between the body’s first, second and third lines of
defense. Give examples of each.
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3. How does phagocytosis help protect your body from infection?
4. Explain the importance of the shape of an antibody’s antigen-binding site. AND
How do antibodies work to keep you healthy?
Transport Across the Membrane (related to the human systems units)
Method
Moves
From
(high/low)
Moves To
(high/low)
Uses
proteins
(yes/no)
Uses
energy
(yes/no)
Diffusion
Osmosis
Facilitated
Diffusion
Active
Transport
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Uses
vesicles
(yes/no)
Passive or
Active
Transport
Example
of
Material
Mitosis and Cancer
 What happens in interphase? List the three phases and describe what happens in each:
______________:
______________:
______________:
 List the four stages of mitosis and describe what happens in each.
______________:
______________:
______________:
______________:
 What is cytokinesis.
 What is the difference between a cleavage furrow and a cell plate?
4
 Draw and label a cell during ALL 5 stages of the cell cycle. Label these words: chromosome,
chromatin, sister chromatid, spindle fibers, centrioles, cleavage furrow.
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Cancer
 When normal cells come in contact with one another, they are signaled by
___________________ to (stop growing/grow uncontrollably).
 When cancer cells come in contact with other cells, they are not signaled by
___________________, and they (stop growing/grow uncontrollably).
What is wrong with this diagram if a cell has cancer?
Did
division
go OK?
Am I ready
to divide?
Cell
Cycl
e
Am I big
enough?
Is my DNA
copied
OK?
 The stop signs are known as _____________. They help to make sure cell division is
going correctly. If they don’t exist, the cell will be unable to kill itself if there are
problems and thus cancer is often a result.
 Name and describe two possible treatments for cancer.
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Meiosis
1.
What happens during the three phases of interphase?
G1:
S:
G2:
2.
Draw and label a chromosome and sister chromatids.
3.
Explain crossing over and when does it happen? Draw out a tetrad.
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4.
a) Label the following stages of meiosis.
b) Color code the homologous chromosomes.
5.
What is the difference between the following terms?
Diploid vs. Haploid
Gamete vs. Somatic Cell
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6.
What is this type of diagram called? What is the notation of the patient? Is it a boy or a
girl?
7.
What are three ways you can distinguish between chromosomes in terms of the
above diagram?
8.
The fusion of sperm and egg is _______________________.
9.
The first cell after the sperm and the egg fuse is called a _____________.
10.
Explain how these are mistakes in Meiosis:
Deletion:
Translocation:
Nondisjunction:
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11.
Explain three differences and similarities between meiosis and mitosis.
Genetics
1.
Distinguish between the following terms.
Gene vs. Allele:
Dominant vs. Recessive:
Incomplete dominance vs. Codominance:
Multiple alleles vs. simple dominant/recessive:
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Complete Dominance
2.
Do the following genetic problems:
In pea plants green (G) is dominant over yellow (g). This means that a homozygous green plant
would have a genotype of ______ and a phenotype of ________. A heterozygous plant would
have a genotype of ______ and a phenotype of ________. A homozygous yellow plant would
have a genotype of ______.
a)
If a homozygous green plant were crossed with a yellow plant what percent of the
offspring would you predict to be green? Please draw out a Punnett Square.
b)
A heterozygous green plant is crossed with a yellow plant. What percent of the offspring
would you predict to be yellow? Please draw out a Punnett Square.
c)
Two heterozygous green plants are crossed. Shoe the predicted phenotypic and
genotypic ratio of the offspring. Please draw out a Punnett Square.
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Multiple Alleles
d)
Fill out the following table
Blood Type
Alleles
A
Possible Genotypes
B
AB
O
e)
A woman heterozygous for type A blood marries a man who has type O blood. List the
possible genotypes and phenotypes of their children. Please draw out a Punnett Square.
Codominance
In chickens, feather color is codominant. B = black feathers and W = white feathers.
Chickens who are heterozygous for the trait are black and white speckled.
1.
Cross a black chicken (BB) with a speckled chicken (BW). Please draw out a
Punnett Square.
Genotype Ratio: ___________
Phenotype Ratio: ___________
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2.
Cross a white chicken and a black chicken. Please draw out a Punnett Square.
Genotype Ratio: ___________
Phenotype Ratio: ___________
Incomplete Dominance
1. Imagine violets exhibit incomplete dominance. Two purple alleles (PP) results in a
purple flower, two white alleles (pp) results in a white flower, and one of each
allele (Pp) results in a lavender colored flower. Predict the outcome (genotype and
phenotype) of crossing one purple and one lavender flower.
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Pedigrees
1. Do you think the disorder shown in the family’s pedigree
is dominant or recessive? How do you know?
2. This pedigree doesn’t have it, but how would you
show what a carrier looks like? What is a carrier?
3. Assign genotypes to each individual in the pedigree.
DNA/Protein Synthesis
1.
DNA is made up nucleotides. What three things make up a nucleotide?
2.
Compare DNA and RNA
Characteristics
DNA
RNA
Number of Strands
Type of Sugar
Type of Nitrogen Base
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3.
What is the function of the following:
mRNA:
Ribosome:
tRNA:
4.
Describe Replication.
A) Where does it happen?
B) What is made?
5.
Describe Transcription.
A) Where does it happen?
B) What is made?
6.
Describe Translation.
A) Where does it happen?
B) What is made?
7.
DNA to RNA to Proteins.
A-T-G-A-A-G-T-T-T-G-G-C-G-C-A-T-T-G-T-A-A
a)
What is the sequence on the complimentary strand of DNA?
b)
Using your new strand of DNA as a template, construct the mRNA strand coded
for in the sequence.
c)
What is the sequence of amino acids that this RNA codes for? (You may use
abbreviations.)
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8.
What is a mutation?
9.
Distinguish between:
Point mutation vs. Frameshift mutation
Evolution
1.
Define evolution.
2.
What is an adaptation?
3.
Distinguish among the following terms. Are all equal evidence of evolution?
Homologous Structure vs. Analogous Structure vs. vestigial structure
4.
Give an example of a vestigial structure. _______________________
5.
Explain at least three pieces of evidence that we have for evolution
1.
2.
3.
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6.
What were Darwin’s main points? Explain them!
7.
Write a paragraph describing natural selection using the following terms: survival
of the fittest, selection, adaptation, traits, reproduction, survival, environment.
Diversity of Life/Ecology
1.
Distinguish between the following terms.
Heterotroph vs. Autotroph
Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote
Unicellular vs. Multicellular
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2.
Complete the following table comparing the trophic levels.
Trophic level
Heterotroph
or
Autotroph
Producer
Primary
Another term Where do
Examples
for that
they get their (two)
organism
energy from?
Sun
Heterotroph
Consumer
Secondary
Bear
Consumer
Tertiary
Omnivore
Consumer
3. How much energy is available to the trophic level above it? Why only that amount?
4.
Distinguish between parasitic, mutualistic, and commensalistic, in terms of symbiosis.
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5.
Be able to analyze this food web and classify the various levels of producers and
consumers.
List out the producers:
List out the primary consumers:
List out the secondary consumers:
List out the tertiary consumers:
Who will get the least amount of energy in this food web?
Pick out one food chain from this food web and write it below.
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