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Chapter 3: Rome: From Republic
to Empire
Section 7: The Fall of the
Republic
By Dallin Hardy
Pompey, Crassus, Caesar, and
Cicero

Spartacan Revolt


73 B.C.
Led by Spartacus

Gladiatorial slave

Third Servile War

73-71 B.C.

Marcus Licinius Crassus





Roman general
Most wealthy man in
Rome
Put down the Spartacan
Revolt
Member of the 1st
Triumvirate
Pompey

Member of the 1st
Triumvirate

Fall of Spartacus



71 B.C.
6,000 slaves were
crucified
Along the Appian Way

1st Century B.C. Rome




Despotism
Militarism
Civil War
Political upheaval

Catiline Conspiracy

Lucius Catiline



Patrician
Senator
Sought to replace the
Roman republic with a
monarchy

“His mind was daring,
crafty, and versatile,
capable of any pretense
and dissimulation. A man
of flaming passions, he
was as covetous of other
men’s possessions as he
was prodigal of his
own…. His monstrous
ambition hankered
continually after things
extravagant, impossible,
beyond his reach.”

Sallust, Roman historian

Secret Society

Corrupted the youth





Immorality
Forged documents
Monarchists
Political leaders
Prepared to overthrow the

Republic

Rome’s Economy


Bankrupt
Costly wars

Marcus Tullius Cicero




Orator
Lawyer
Statesman
Elected Consul


63 B.C.
Stood in the way of the
Catiline Conspiracy

Catiline Orations



Four speeches given to
the Senate
By Cicero
Exposing the


Catiline Conspiracy
Catiline


Left Rome
Called for the assassination
of


Cicero
Sought to form an army

“Since I am
encompassed by foes
and hounded to
desperation, I will check
the fire that threatens to
consume me by pulling
everything down about
your ears.”

Catiline

Catilinarians



Captured
Brought before the Senate
Defended by

Julius Caesar

Sought light punishment
for the conspirators

Julius Caesar


Orator
Advocate

Marcus Cato



“Cato the Younger”
Moral and full of integrity
Debated against the

Conspirators

“Other crimes can be
punished when they
have measures to
prevent its being
committed, it is too late:
once it has been done, it
is useless to invoke the
law.”

Cato the Younger

“They were hard workers at
home, just rulers abroad;
and to the council chamber
they brought untrammeled
minds, neither racked by
consciousness of guilt, nor
enslaved by passion. We
have lost these virtues. We
pile up riches for ourselves
while the state is bankrupt.
We sing the praises of
prosperity—and idle away
our lives. Good men or bad—
it is all one: all the prizes
that merit ought to win are
carried off by ambitious
intriguers. …”

“…And no wonder, when
each of you schemes
only for himself, when in
your private lives you
are slaves to pleasure,
and her in the Senate
House the tools of
money or influence. The
result is that when an
assault is made upon the
Republic, there is no one
there to defend it.”

Cato the Younger

Tullianum


Roman prison
Five leaders of the Catiline
Conspiracy

Executed

Battle of Pistoria



62 B.C.
Roman Republic vs.
Catiline
Results


Republican victory
Death of Catiline
The First Triumvirate

Gaius Julius Caesar







100-44 B.C.
Military genius
Charismatic leader
Author
Demagogue
Politician
Personal assets





Wit
Intellect
Decisiveness
Physic
Responsible for the

Downfall of the Republic

Gnaeus Pompeius



Pompey
Military leader
Put down rebellions

Marian




Spartacus
Became consul


Sicily
Africa
70 B.C.
Destroyed Cilician pirates

67 B.C.

First Triumvirate



Crassus
Pompey
Julius Caesar
Julius Caesar and His
Government of Rome

Gallic Wars

58-51 B.C.




Gaul
Germania
Britannia
Led by

Julius Caesar

Siege of Alesia


52 B.C.
Last battle of the Gallic
Wars

Vercingetorix

Gaul General

Results


Roman victory
Vercingetorix


Surrenders
Rome conquers Gaul

The Gallic Wars


50s B.C.
By Julius Caesar

Battle of Carrhae



53 B.C.
Rome vs. Parthian Empire
Results

Roman defeat


One of Rome’s worst
Crassus

Killed

Crossroads of the Roman
Republic

53 B.C.


Pompey


Crassus died in battle
Had the support of the
Senate
Julius Caesar


Ordered to lay down his
command
Refused
The Fall of the Republic

Crossing the Rubicon


49 B.C.
Julius Caesar

Ordered to



“Alea jacta est”


Disband army
Return home
“The die is cast!”
Marches on Rome

Great Roman Civil War


49-45 B.C.
Pompey

Backed by the Roman
Senate
Caesar
Battles






Spain
Italy
Africa
Greece

“Optimates”

The Good Men




Pompey
Cato
Supported the Senate
“Populares”

Favoring the People

Supported Caesar

Battle of Dyrrhachium




48 B.C.
Optimates vs. Populares
Pompey vs. Caesar
Results

Optimate victory

Battle of Pharsalus



48 B.C.
Caesar vs. Pompey
Results

Caesar


Victorious
Pompey

Flees to Egypt

Assassination of Pompey



48 B.C.
Egypt
By King Ptolemy XIII

Cleopatra

Queen of Egypt


Fell in love with


51-30 B.C.
Julius Caesar
Gave birth to


Ptolemy XV Philopator
Philometor Caesar
“Caesarion”

Little Ceasar

Veni, Vidi, Vici


Julius Caesar
“I came, I saw, I
conquered”

Death of Cato


46 B.C.
Stabbed himself

Upon hearing about the
most recent defeat by
Caesar

Battle of Munda

45 B.C.




The last battle of Caesar’s
Civil War
Southern Spain
Pompey the Younger
Caesar

Results

Victory for Caesar

Pater Patriae



45 B.C.
“Father of the Fatherland”
Julius Caesar


Became dictator for life
Increased the Senate to

900

Julian Calendar



365 Days
12 Months
Leap year

Every 4 years

King Caesar?

Marcus Antonius


Mark Anthony
Tried to crown Caesar

King

Deification of Caesar


Temples dedicated to him
Priests prayed on his
behalf

Caesar




Redistributed wealth
Public works
Land redistribution
Planned military
campaigns

Death of the Republic

510-49 B.C.

Liberatores

Sought to restore the
Republic

Senators

Brutus


Statesman
Sought to save the


Roman Republic
Descendent of

Lucius Brutus

“Father of the Roman
Republic”

Ides of March



March 15th 44 B.C.
“The Ides of March are
come…”
“Yes, they are come, but
they are not past.”

Plutarch

“Beware the Ides of
March”

Julius Caesar, Shakespeare

Assassination of Julius Caesar



44 B.C.
Theatre of Pompey
By

Liberatores

Results of Caesar’s
Assassination

Caesar became a martyr



Deified
No republican uprising
Romans wanted



Peace
Luxury
Security
The Second Triumvirate and the
Triumph of Octavian

Mark Anthony


Caesar’s junior consular
partner
Roman politician

Anthony’s Eulogy



Day of Caesar’s funeral
Displayed Caesar’s bloody
toga
Publicly shaming the

Liberatores

Fled to Greece

Anthony’s Ambition


Consolidated power
Cicero

Warned about Anthony’s
tyrannical ambitions

Octavian

Caesar’s adopted son


Grandnephew
Sought to maintain

Caesar’s legacy

Second Triumvirate

43 B.C.



Octavian
Mark Antony
Lepidus

Political Assassinations





43 B.C.
Cicero
Paulus
Lucius Caesar
Hundreds killed

Liberators’ Civil War


43 to 42 B.C.
Liberatores vs. Second
Triumvirate

Last Republican Army

Led by

Brutus


“The Last Roman”
Cassius

Brutus’ Vision

“If Providence shall not
dispose what we now
undertake according to our
wishes, I resolve to put no
further hopes or warlike
preparations to the proof, but
will die contented with my
fortune. For I have already
given up my life for my
country on the Ides of March;
and have lived since then a
second life for her sake, with
liberty and honor.”
 Brutus

Battle of Philippi

42 B.C.

Liberatores vs. Triumvirs

Death of the Republican
Cause

Cassius


Committed suicide
Marcus


Son of Cato the Younger
Fought to the death


Shouting his father’s name
Brutus

Fell on his sword

Division of the Empire

Octavian


Western Rome
Mark Antony

Eastern Rome

Fall of the 2nd Triumvirate


33 B.C.
Lepidus


Removed
Antony vs. Octavian

Antony & Cleopatra


41-30 B.C.
Became lovers

War Between Antony and Octavian


32-31 B.C.
Mark Antony vs. Octavian

Battle of Actium


31 B.C.
Octavian



Marcus Agrippa
400 Warships
Mark Antony & Cleopatra

130 Warships

Results

Octavian



Mark Antony & Cleopatra


Victorious
Gained control of Rome
Committed Suicide
Death

Roman Republic

Deaths of Antony & Cleopatra



30 B.C.
Alexandria
Antony



Stabbed himself
Died in the arms of Cleopatra
Cleopatra

Cobra bite

Caesar Augustus


27 B.C.
“The Revered One”