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AP World History
The Roman World
Chapter 4
Agriculture
Northern Italy
-Grain crops, livestock
production and
vegetables.
-Southern Italy
-grape, fruit, and
olive production.
Etruscans
• Hated Kings who controlled the Latin's.
• Latin’s learned civilization from them
• The Latin's revolted from their rule.
Sphere of Influence
The Latin's would be
greatly influenced by
the Greeks to the
south and the
Etruscans to the
north.
Rome was settled by a
group of sheepherders
called the Latin's about
753 BC.
Roman Republic
• The Roman Republic was a result of the
Romans hate for the Etruscan Kings.
Two Early Social Classes
• Patricians:
– Powerful aristocratic land owners.
• Plebeians:
– Less powerful middle class
Branches of Government
• Executive:
– Consuls, leaders of Republic
– Dictator, temporary all powerful leader
• Legislative:
– Senate, 300 members from Patricians.
– Assembly of Centuries, paid for military.
– Assembly of Tribes, 35 Plebian tribes.
– Tribunes, 2 Elected from Plebian tribes.
• Judicial:
– Praetors, performed judicial function.
1st Punic War 264 – 241 B.C.E
• The war is fought over Sicilia.
• Carthage wanted to maintain its trade routes.
2nd Punic War 218 - 202 B.C.E
• Carthage launched an invasion of Spain.
• Carthage attacks Italy.
• Hannibal rampages through Italy for 16 years.
3rd Punic War 149 - 146 B.C.E
• Carthage was still disliked by Rome.
• Cato a prominent Senator in Rome; closed every
speech with.
“Carthage must be destroyed”
• Rome invaded Carthage laid siege to it for three
years then destroyed it.
• Rome killed all the males and sold the women and
children into slavery.
• Rome tilled the ground and poured salt in the tilled
soil.
Result of Punic Wars
• Rome was left as the major super power in the
Mediterranean.
Caesar in Gaul
The three Romans rule Rome as the "First Triumvirate."
Caesar appoints himself Proconsul of Gaul.
This was designed to recruit a loyal army.
Caesar has success in Gaul and brings it under Roman
control.
He sends continuous propaganda dispatches back to Rome.
People read these and believe he is a great commander.
THE RISE OF JULIUS CAESAR
Crassus dies in a war.
Pompey declares himself sole Consul and the Senate
orders Caesar to disband his army and return to Rome.
Caesar begins a march on Rome with his army.
The common people of Rome support Caesar.
Pompey flees Rome, Caesar returns triumphantly.
Caesar defeats Pompey in Greece.
Pompey flees to Egypt and beheaded by Ptolemy.
The Civil War 49 - 44 B.C.E
Caesar the Dictator
While in Egypt, Julius assists Cleopatra in her effort to gain
the throne. Cleopatra has a son from Caesar named
Caesarion.
Caesar returns to Rome after 2 years.
Caesar gains total control of the Roman government.
Appointed dictator for 10 years, then life.
Caesar implements a series of reforms.
Help the unemployed.
Less slaves to be used.
More work and land for the poor.
Death of Caesar
Caesar's reforms create a deep hatred from the wealthy and
powerful senate.
The senate fear his reforms and attempt to convince the people
he was on the verge of restoring the kingship.
A group of senators, led by Cassius and Brutus, plot to
assassinate Caesar.
Despite many warnings, Caesar enters the Senate chamber on
March 15, 44 BC and is stabbed to death.
Lasting Impact of Caesar
• The more modern “Czar” and “Kaiser” derive from his name
too.
• Caesar began the practice of granting Roman citizenship to
conquered peoples. This helped to prolong the expansion
and maintenance of the Roman Empire.
• His Commentaries are one of the great pieces of Latin
literature.
• He inspired one of Shakespeare’s most celebrated plays.
• His reform of the calendar has been changed very little over
the past two millennia.
• The month of July is named for him.
Augustus Caesar
• Second Triumvirate
– Mark Antony
– Gaius Octavius
– Marcus Lepidus
The Forum of Rome
• Trade commerce and government
center found in Roman Forum.
• The Forum was the financial
center of the city much like Wall
Street in New York.
• The Roman Senate met in a
building in the Forum.
SPQR
“Senatus Populusque Romanus”
“The Senate and the People of
Rome”
The Provinces
• Roman provinces provided three main things to the city of
Rome.
– Food: Egypt produced massive amounts of wheat that was
shipped into Rome to feed the masses.
– Soldiers: The Western Provinces provided soldiers for the
Empire.
– Culture: Rome took much of its culture from the Greeks.
It took their Gods, their architecture, and their sciences.
Weakened Empire
• As the Roman Empire crumbled a new force
developed within it.
• Jesus of Nazareth who about 1/3 the worlds
population assert to be the Son of God and
Redeemer of Mankind was born.
• For a couple of decades, the Christian religion
expanded.
The Second Diaspora
• In 67 to 71 AD the Romans crushed a Jewish
rebellion in Palestine.
• The Romans dispersed the Jews throughout
the empire.
• These many Jewish exile colonies were
breeding grounds for Christian conversion.
Appeal of Christianity
• Christianity distinguished itself from all the other
religions by its universality.
• All persons were eligible men and women, Jew and
Gentile, rich and poor, Roman and non-Roman.
• The Second Coming when the wicked would be
judged was believed to be not far off.
Christianity Spread
• Many of the Apostles left the Jewish communities to
spread Christianity in Rome.
• By the early fourth century roughly 10% of the
Eastern Empire had become Christian and 5% of the
Western Empire.
• In 313 AD the Roman Emperor Constantine
announced the official toleration of Christianity.
(Edict of Milan)
• Constantine was baptized in 337 on his death bed.
Christianity Official Adoption
• In 381 the Emperor Theodosius took the final step of
making Christianity the official religion of the empire.
• Soon Christianity became the major religion of the
empire.
The Council of Nicaea
• It was held in 325 during the reign of Constantine.
• More than 300 Bishops attended and defined many
important questions of theology and church
administration.
• Official selections of books and passages made into
the New Testament.
The Roads of Rome
• Roman roads were built so
that the armies could move
throughout the empire
quickly.
• Merchants used the roads
to create wealth.
The Army of Rome
• The Imperial Roman Legion
at full strength was
comprised of 6,000 men.
• The cohorts each had 480
men.
• Each of these was broken
down further into 6
"centuries" of 80 men.
• There was a 120 man cavalry
unit attached to the legion.
• Possibly as much as 60
artillery pieces.
Soldiers Uniform
• Soldiers paid for their
own weapons and
armor.
• They paid for their own
food and clothing.
Siege Warfare
• The most common form of
siege engines were the
catapult and ballista.
• They would also use siege
towers on occasion.
Roman Ships
• The Romans created a vast
shipping network.
• It created wealth and could
move the Roman army.
Roman Cloths
• Men and women wore a
short tunic.
• Men wore the toga over
the tunic.
• Women wore the stola
over the tunic.
Roman Living
• A Roman family usually
lived in one house with its
domestic slaves.
• Men ruled the family in law,
but women ran the day to
day affairs and the budget
of the household.
• Slaves were often given
their freedom for faithful
service.
The Provinces
• Roman provinces provided three main things to the city of
Rome.
– Food: Egypt produced massive amounts of wheat that was
shipped into Rome to feed the masses.
– Soldiers: The Western Provinces provided soldiers for the
Empire.
– Culture: Rome took much of its culture from the Greeks.
It took their Gods, their architecture, and their sciences.
Political
• Military interference in politics.
• Division of the Empire.
• Capital moved to Byzantium
Social
•
•
•
•
•
Lack of patriotism
Corruption
Immorality
Thirst for Blood (Gladiator Contests)
Killing Christians
Economic
No more plunder from wars
Inflation
Crushing tax burden
Military
•
•
•
•
Non-Romans make up the bulk of the army.
Not enough money.
Citizens not wanting to defend Rome.
Decline of loyalty among soldiers.
Stage 2
In 284 A.D. Diocletian, emperor of Rome, to
better govern the enormous empire, divides it
into 4 parts.
He persecutes Christians.
Map 5–5 Divisions of the Roman Empire under Diocletian
(part 1 of 3)
Christians become more loyal to their God than Rome.
Accepts Christianity after having a vision.
Allows Christians to worship freely.
Builds Constantinople as his capital.
The Fall
Stage 3
The Germanic tribes had
been a constant source of
pressure on the empire for
centuries.
Fleeing from Attila the Hun, the
Gothic tribes invade along the
borders of the empire.
The Roman Empire can’t stop them
because:
Empire is split into 2
Army is to spread out
Army is made up of disloyal mercenaries (Gauls)
Germanic Invasions destroyed the Roman Empire in
the west.
Visigoths conquer Rome in 410 A.D.
Ostrogoths and Vandals also conquer Rome and the
fall of the Empire is complete by 476 A.D.
Settling the Empire
Barbaric tribes are settling in new places throughout
the old Roman empire.
Britain
Britain was overran by the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.
Gaul
France, or Gaul, was overrun by the Franks and
Burgundians.
Ostrogoths, Visigoths, and Lombards
Italy was taken over by the Ostrogoths, Visigoths and
Lombards.
Vandals
Spain was overthrown by the Vandals.
Christianity Rising
Christianity is also starting to split into East and
West. Catholic/ Eastern Orthodox
Eastern Empire
The eastern half of the empire remains intact and
later becomes known as the Byzantine Empire.