Download Blood, Lymph and Immune Systems

Blood, Lymph and
Immune Systems
Lecture 6
Blood
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hem/o and hemat/o
plasma - 55%
formed elements - 45%
serum - plasma without
clotting proteins
Blood Cells
• RBC - erythrocytes - erythropoiesis
• WBC - leukocytes - leukopoiesis
• Platelets - thrombocytes thrombopoiesis
Erythrocytes
• erythr/o - red
• cyte - cell
• Hemoglobin - blood protein transports
oxygen
• Reticulocyte - immature erythrocyte
• RBCs produced by red bone marrow
Leukocytes
• leuk/o - white
• Protect the body against invasion
• Pass through capillary walls
• Granulocytes
• neutrophils (phagocytosis)
• eosinophils (allergies)
• basophils (promote inflammation)
• Agranulocytes
• lymphocytes (production of
circulating antibodies)
• monocytes (macrophages)
• Collection of dead and living bacteria
and leukocytes called pus, abscess.
Thrombocytes
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smallest formed element
made in bone marrow
essential to blood coagulation
In case of injury, blood comes in
contact with any tissue other than the
lining of the vessels, platelets stick
together, form plug, seals wound.
Chemicals released, series of
reactions, formation of clot.
Plasma
• plasma
• 92% water
• 8% plasma proteins
• albumin
• globulin
• fibrinogen
• serum - plasma without clotting
proteins or fibrinogen
Functions of the Immune System
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To protect the entire body from a
variety of harmful substances
• pathogenic microorganisms
• allergens
• toxins
• malignant cells
Structures of the Immune System
• Unlike other body systems, Immune
System is NOT contained within a
single set of organs or vessels
• Action depends on structures from
lymphatic, cardiovascular, and
Integumentary systems
• Works primarily through antigenantibody reaction
Lymphatic System
• Major structures
• lymph vessels
• lymph nodes
• lymph fluid
• tonsils
• Also
• spleen
• thymus
Functions of the Lymph System
• lymph/o
• drain fluid from tissue spaces and
return to it to the blood
• transport materials (nutrients, hormones
and oxygen) to body cells
• carry away waste products to the blood
• transport lipids away from digestive
system
• control of infection
Lymph System
• Lymph originates in blood
plasma
• Interstitial fluid
• cleans and nourishes body
tissues
• collects cellular debris,
bacteria
• return to blood or lymph
capillaries
Lymph Nodes
• located in lymph vessels
• small round or oval
structures (filters)
• depositories for cellular
debris
• bacteria and debris
phagocytized
Lymph Nodes
• inside are masses of tissue which
contain WBCs (lymphocytes)
• almost always grouped 2 or 3 to 100
• invading cells destroyed in nodes and
often swell as an indicator of the
disease process
Spleen
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sac-like mass of lymphatic tissue
filter for lymph
phagocytic cells
hemolytic
Thymus
• lymphatic tissue
• mediastinum
• primary role: changes
lymphocytes to T cells for
cellular immunity
Tonsils
• masses of lymph tissue designed to
filter tissue fluid, not lymph
• located beneath certain areas of moist
epithelium exposed to outside and
hence to contamination
• any or all may become so loaded with
bacteria that the pathogens gain
dominance
• should not be removed unless
absolutely necessary.
Antigen-Antibody Reactions
• Antigen - any substance that the
body regards as foreign (virus,
bacterium, toxin)
• Antibody - a disease fighting protein
developed by the body in response
to the presence of an antigen
• Antigen-antibody reaction or
immune reaction
WBCs for Immune Reactions
• monocytes - type of lymphocytes
• formed in bone marrow/transported where
needed by body
• become macrophages
• macrophage - phagocytic cell that protects
body by ingesting invading cells
• lymphocytes - major class of WBCs
• formed in lymphatic tissue
Lymphocytes
• T cells or T Lymphocytes
• mature in thymus gland
• Cell mediated immunity
• B cells or B Lymphocytes
• mature in bone marrow
• antibody-mediated immunity
T Cell or T Lymphocyte
(Cell Mediated Immunity)
• T Cell (cell mediated immunity)
• circulating lymphocytes
• produced in bone marrow
• matures in thymus
• live for years
• primary function: coordinate
immune defenses and kill organisms
Lymphocyte: T Cells
• helper T cells - essential to proper
functioning of immune system
• Memory cells- remember antigens
and stimulate a faster response if
same antigen introduced at a later
time
Blood Groups
• Four blood groups based on presence
or absence of blood antigens
(agglutinogens) on surface of RBCs
• A - A antigen
• B - B antigen
• AB - both AB antigens
• O - no AB antigens
• Plasma does not contain the antibody
against own antigen
• Antigens on the donor’s RBCs react
with the antibodies in patients plasma
and cause a transfustion reaction.
Rh Factor
• Rh factor is antigen present on RBC
• Rh positive and Rh negative
• Rh neg pregnant woman may develop
antibodies to the Rh protein of her Rhpositive fetus.
• hemolytic disease of the newborn
• prevented with RhoGAM
Immunity
• Immunity-state of being resistant or not
susceptible to a specific disease
• Acquired immunity-any form of
immunity NOT present at birth and
obtained during life
Factors That Influence Immune
System
• Health
• Age
• Heredity
Anemias
• Oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is
reduced
• symptom of disease
• erythropenia
• hypochromasia
• hematocrit
Acquired Immune Deficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
• Caused by HIV (Human
Immunodeficiency Virus)
• HIV infects T-helper cells with often a
long incubation of up to 10 years
• AIDS name applied during advanced
stages of disease
• After immune system destroyed,
opportunistic infections occur.
Autoimmune Disorders
Antigens stimulate development of antibodies
that are unable to distinguish antigens of
internal cells.
Body makes antibodies and T cells against itself
and attacks own tissues.
Multisystemic involvement.
Myasthenia gravis, rheumatoid arthritis
Edema
• Hypoproteinemia
• lowers osmotic pressure within blood
• large amounts of plasma pass out of
blood
• poor lymph drainage
• increased capillary permeability
• congestive heart failure
• localized edema, ascites
Hemophilia
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Hereditary blood clotting disorder
sex-linked, usually in men
lack factor VIII, essential for blood clotting
hematomas
hemarthrosis
Infectious Mononucleosis
• Acute infection caused by virus.
• Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph glands,
atypical lymphocytes, splenomegaly,
hepatomegaly, abnormal liver function,
and bruising.
• transmitted by droplet infection
• Infection confers permanent immunity
• Treatment symptomatic
Oncology, the study of tumors
• Metastasis, Metastasize
• Carcinoma
• Malignant Melanoma
• Adenocarcinoma
• Sarcoma (arises from bone, fat, muscle, etc.)
• Osteocarcoma
• Osteosarcoma
• Myosarcoma
• Myeloma
Leukemia
• Major oncological disorder of bloodforming organs
• malignant cells replace health bone
marrow cells
• acute myelogenous leukemia
• acute lymphocytic leukemia
Hodgkin’s Disease
• Malignant disorder
• Painless, progressive enlargement of
lymphoid tissue first evident in cervical
lymph nodes; splenomegaly
• Anorexia, weight loss, pruritus, anemia,
leukocytosis
Kaposi’s Sarcoma
• Malignancy associated with AIDS
• lesions emerge as purplish-brown macules
and develop into plaques and nodules