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Biology 30 Unit I: CELLS, CHROMOSOMES AND DNA
INTRODUCTION
Life is handed down from one generation of organisms to the next in the form of new cells. Following the
replication of DNA, a cell is able to undergo the process of reproduction. In this process one cell divides
to form two new cells. Depending on the tissue in which it occurs and the reason for the cell division, the
process is either mitosis or meiosis
DNA contains genetic information that controls the inherited characteristics of cells and the organisms,
which they compose. DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that direct the synthesis of proteins in the cell and
thus control the cell's activity.
Lesson 1 Review of Cell Structure and Function
Since cells are the building blocks of all living things, they are referred to as the units of structure. They
are also the units of function as all life processes in an organism are carried out within its cells. Cells
themselves are composed of special structures, each with a certain function to fulfill.
Objectives:
1.
On the diagrams provided, label the following eukaryotic cell structures:
a) nucleus
f) vacuole
m)
b) endoplasmic
g) nucleoplasm
n)
reticulum
h) centrioles
c) nuclear
i) chromatin
o)
membrane
j) Golgi apparatus
p)
d) ribosomes
k) cytoplasm
e) nucleolus
l) lysosomes
cell membrane
microvillus
(microvilli)
mitochondrion
microtubule
2. Explain the functions of the above cell structures.
3. Using examples, identify and explain the following levels of organization within multicellular
organisms: organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system.
4. Describe the processes by which a cell exchanges substances between its cytoplasm and the
extracellular fluid surrounding it:
a) diffusion
b) active transport
c) osmosis
d) endocytosis/exocytosis
5. Explain why enzymes are essential to the life of a cell.
6. Briefly describe the structure and function of enzymes in a cell.
7. Identify the molecule that is the immediate source of energy for cell processes, and describe how
this molecule stores and releases energy.
Reference: Nelson Biology, pages 130 - 132, 135 - 139, 142.
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Lesson 2 DNA: Structure and Replication
Objectives:
1. Define the following terms:
a) DNA
b) nucleotide
c) gene
d) chromosome
2. Describe the Watson-Crick model of DNA and show the position of the following components:
a) deoxyribose sugar [S]
b) phosphate [P]
c) nitrogen bases - adenine [A], guanine [G], thymine [T], & cytosine[C]
3.
Define the term "complimentary" as it pertains to the structure of DNA.
4.
Describe the process of DNA replication.
5.
Describe the function of restriction enzymes (endonucleases) and ligase enzymes (ligases)
6.
Describe the relationship between genes and proteins.
7.
Describe the technology of recombinant DNA.
8.
Identify some products currently produced using the technology of recombinant DNA.
9.
Perform a risk/benefit analysis on the technology of genetic engineering.
10. Describe the technology of DNA fingerprinting and discuss its significance.
11. Describe the Human Genome Project and discuss its significance in terms of the needs, interests
and financial support of society.
Reference: Nelson Biology, pages 516 - 529.
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Lesson 3 Protein Synthesis
Objectives:
1. Define the terms amino acid and polypeptide.
2.
Identify at least six uses of protein molecules.
3.
Identify the number of different amino acids that can be used in building protein molecules.
4.
Explain why there is almost an infinite variety of proteins that can be synthesized.
5.
Identify the portion of DNA that codes for the production of a protein.
6.
State four structural differences between DNA and RNA.
7.
Define the following terms:
a) codon
b) messenger RNA [mRNA]
c) transcription
d) initiator codon
e) terminator codon
8.
Outline the sequence of events during transcription of codons from DNA to mRNA.
9.
Define the following terms:
a) transfer RNA [tRNA]
b) anticodon
c) translation
10. Outline the sequence of events that occur during the assembly of a protein molecule.
11. Describe the control of protein synthesis through structural and regulator genes.
12. Define mutation and differentiate between a chromosomal mutation and a gene mutation.
13. Explain why mutations in germ cells are more significant than mutations in somatic cells.
14. List some mutagenic agents (mutagens).
15. Discuss the significance of mutations.
16. Identify two cytoplasmic organelles that contain DNA.
17. Explain how information in nucleic acids provides evidence for relationships among living things.
Reference: Nelson Biology, pages 532 - 549.
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Lesson 4 Asexual Cell Reproduction: Mitosis
Objectives:
1. Define the terms cell cycle and mitosis.
2.
Identify the type of tissue in which mitosis occurs and state at least four reasons for mitosis.
3.
Summarize briefly the events that occur in the cell before it undergoes mitosis.
4.
Define the following terms:
a) DNA
b) centriole
c) chromosome
d) spindle
e)
f)
g)
h)
chromatid
mother cell
centromere
daughter cell
5.
Identify the four phases of mitosis and outline the nuclear events of each phase.
6.
Describe factors that control, initiate or inhibit mitosis.
7.
Using a prepared slide of onion root cells, sketch diagrams of the four phases of mitosis and
interphase, and label the following structures:
a) chromosome
e) centromere
b) nucleolus
f) metaphase plate
c) chromatid
g) nuclear membrane
d) spindle fibres
h) cell plate
8.
Calculate the duration of mitosis and interphase from the observation of onion root tip cells.
9.
Define cytokinesis and explain how it differs between plant and animal cells.
10. Describe the process of cloning.
11. Explain how cancer is related to the process of mitosis.
12. Describe four differences between cancer cells and normal cells.
Reference: Nelson Biology, pages 430 - 443.
Lesson 5 Sexual Cell Division: Meiosis
Objectives:
1. Define the term meiosis and state the reason why meiosis occurs.
2.
Identify the type of tissue in which meiosis occurs.
3.
Summarize briefly the events that occur in the cell before it undergoes mitosis.
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4.
5.
6.
Define the following terms:
a) homologous pair
b) sexual reproduction
c) haploid
d) asexual reproduction
e)
f)
g)
h)
diploid
gamete
tetrad
zygote
Compare spermatogenesis and oogenesis with respect to the number of viable sperm and ova
produced.
State the advantage of only one viable egg from one complete meiotic division.
7.
Using diagrams of the phases of complete meiosis, identify each phase and state the changes that
occur in each stage.
8.
In the above diagrams, the student must be able to identify and label the following structures and to
state the function of each structure:
a) chromatin
g) homologous chromosome
b) spindle fibre
h) nucleolus
c) chromatid
i) centromere
d) equatorial plate
j) nucleolus
e) chromosome
k) centriole
f) nuclear membrane
l) cell plate (division plate)
9.
Explain the significance of synapsis and crossing-over in meiosis.
10. At the conclusion of this lesson the student must be able to compare and contrast the processes of
mitosis and meiosis with respect to:
a) number of divisions
b) chromosome number in resulting cells
c) number of cells resulting from one complete division
d) possibility of genetic differences occurring during the process
e) site of occurrence
11. Explain how nondisjunction occurs and its significance.
12. Describe the reproductive technologies used to diagnose chromosomal abnormalities.
13. Prepare a karyotype chart and use it to diagnose genetic disorders such as Down Syndrome, Turner
Syndrome and Klinefelter Syndrome.
Reference: Nelson Biology, pages 448 - 456.
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Lesson 6. Reproductive Strategies
Objectives:
1. Differentiate between asexual and sexual reproduction, and describe advantages and disadvantages of
each reproductive strategy.
2.
Compare asexual reproductive strategies such as budding, binary fission and spore formation.
3.
Identify a group of organisms that has reproduced asexually for hundreds of millions of years, and
explain why this reproductive strategy has been successful for these organisms.
4.
Describe alternation of generations as the life history of plants, using the following terms:
a) sporophyte
f) mitosis
b) haploid phase
g) gametes
c) spore
h) meiosis
d) diploid phase
i) zygote
e) gametophyte
j) fertilization
5.
Describe the reproductive pattern (life history) of higher animals.
Unit I STS Connections
Nucleic Acids and Protein Synthesis
Students should be able to demonstrate the interrelationships among science technology and society
through one of the following examples:




Evaluating the use of genetically engineered organisms in agriculture, forestry and bioremediation
in the natural environment.
Debating the societal and scientific definitions of life and the living condition.
Discussing the implications to society of corporations being able to patent new life forms produced
by biotechnology.
Assessing the impact of DNA mapping technology on the study of genetic relationships and
variations in population ecology.
Mitosis and Meiosis
Students should be able to demonstrate the interrelationships among science technology and society
through one of the following examples:




Discussing the role of mitosis and biotechnology in regenerating damaged or missing parts of
organisms.
Evaluating how knowledge of cell division might be applied to the limitation of cancerous growth
in plants or animals.
Discussing the types and sources of various teratogenic compounds found in the environment and
the
Evaluating the impact of research in plant and animal reproduction on our understanding of
mitosis and meiosis in humans.
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