Download Biology Final Exam Vocabulary Review

Biology Final Exam Vocabulary Review
Section 4.2: Photosynthesis
Vocabulary
chlorophyll
chloroplast
light
light dependent reactions
light independent reactions
photon
photosynthesis
pigment
stroma
thylakoid
visible light
wavelength
1. ____________________ is a form of energy.
2. A __________________ is a particle of energy.
3. __________________ contains all of the wavelengths of light that are visible to the human
eye.
4. __________________ is the distance between waves in light.
5. __________________ is the process that converts light energy into chemical energy.
6. A __________________ is the organelle found in plants that carries out photosynthesis.
7. __________________ is the fluid that fills a chloroplast.
8. A __________________ is a membrane-enclosed sac that contains chlorophyll.
9. A __________________ is a colored molecule that absorbs light energy.
10. __________________ is a pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs some light energy.
11. In this stage of photosynthesis, energy is captured from sunlight, water molecules are broken
down, oxygen is released, and energy is transferred to energy-carrying molecules. This stage of
photosynthesis is called the __________________.
12. In this stage of photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and energy from energy-carrying molecules are
used to build sugars (glucose). This stage of photosynthesis is called the __________________.
10. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of photosynthesis.
(1) __________ + (2) __________  (3) __________ + (4) __________
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Section 4.4: Cellular Respiration
Vocabulary
aerobic
anaerobic
cellular respiration
electron transport chain
glycolysis
inner membrane
Krebs cycle
matrix
mitochondria
1. ____________________ is the process by which sugar (chemical energy) is broken down to
produce ATP (usable energy).
2. The __________________ is the membrane that surrounds the matrix and is the location of
the electron transport chain.
3. An __________________ process does not use oxygen.
4. In this stage of cellular respiration, molecules from glycolysis are broken down to produce
carbon dioxide and energy-carrying molecules. This stage of cellular respiration is called the
__________________.
5. __________________ are the organelles found in plant and animal cells that perform
cellular respiration.
6. An __________________ process does use oxygen.
7. The __________________ is the fluid-filled space inside the mitochondria and is the
location of the Krebs cycle.
8. In this stage of cellular respiration, electrons from energy-carrying molecules are moved through
a series of proteins, a large number of ATP molecules are made, and oxygen is used to form water.
This stage of cellular respiration is called the __________________.
9. __________________ is the anaerobic process that splits glucose into pyruvate.
10. Write the chemical equation for the overall process of cellular respiration.
(1) __________ + (2) __________  (3) __________ + (4) __________
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Section 5.1 and 5.2: Cell Cycle and Mitosis
Vocabulary
anaphase
cell cycle
cell plate
centromere
chromatid
chromatin
chromosome
cleavage furrow
cytokinesis
histone
interphase
metaphase
prophase
telomere
telophase
1. The ____________________ is the regular pattern of growth, DNA duplication, and cell
division that occurs in eukaryotic cells.
2. __________________ is the term that refers to DNA that is loosely wrapped around histone
proteins during interphase.
3. The region that holds the two sister chromatids together in a condensed chromosome is called
the __________________.
4. __________________ is the process that divides the cell cytoplasm.
5. A __________________ is the structure that forms between two nuclei in animal cells that
are undergoing cytokinesis.
6. In __________________, a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at opposites
sides of the cell.
7. __________________ is the term that refers to DNA that is tightly wrapped around histone
proteins during mitosis.
8. During __________________, the sister chromatids separate from each other.
9. A __________________ is the structure that forms between two nuclei in plant cells that are
undergoing cytokinesis.
10. The ends of DNA molecules form structures called __________________.
11. One half of a duplicated chromosome is called a __________________.
12. In __________________, the chromosomes align along the middle of the cell.
13. During __________________, chromatin condenses into tightly coiled chromosomes.
14. A __________________ is the type of protein that DNA wraps around to form chromatin.
15. During __________________, the cell grows and copies its DNA in preparation for division.
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Section 5.3: Regulation of the Cell Cycle
Vocabulary
angiogenesis
apoptosis
benign
cancer
carcinogen
growth factors
kinases and cyclins
malignant
metastasize
tumor
1. A __________________ is a disorganized cluster of cells, often cancer cells.
2. In a __________________ tumor, cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.
3. __________________ refers to the growth of new blood vessels.
4. ____________________ is a common term for a class of diseases characterized by
uncontrolled cell division.
5. __________________ are proteins that regulate the cell cycle.
6. In a __________________ tumor, cancer cells remain clustered together.
7. __________________ refers to a sequence of programmed cellular events that leads to the
death of a cell.
8. __________________ are substances that are known to produce or promote the
development of cancer.
9. __________________ refers to the spread of cancer from its original site to other areas in
the body.
10. __________________ are proteins that stimulate cell division.
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Section 6.1 and 6.2: Meiosis
Vocabulary
amniocentesis
asexual reproduction
autosome
crossing-over
diploid
fertilization
gametes
gametogenesis
gene
haploid
homologous chromosome
karyotype
nondisjunction
sex chromosome
sexual reproduction
somatic cells
trisomy
zygote
1. A(n) __________________ is a chromosome that determines the sex of an organism.
2. Any chromosome (#1 through 22) that is not involved in determining the sex of an organism is
called a(n) __________________.
3. __________________ is the procedure in which fetal cells are obtained for genetic analysis.
4. __________________ are two chromosomes that have the same size, appearance, and genes.
5. __________________ means a cell has one copy of each chromosome.
6. A(n) __________________ is the cell that forms when a sperm fertilizes an egg.
7. ____________________ is the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous
chromosomes during meiosis.
8. A(n)__________________ is an image of the chromosomes in a cell, arranged as
homologous pairs based on size, shape, and banding pattern.
9. __________________ describes the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister
chromatids to separate correctly during meiosis.
10. __________________ occurs when the nuclei of an egg and sperm fuse to form one
nucleus.
11. __________________ involves the fusion of two gametes and results in offspring that are a
genetic mixture of both parents.
12. __________________ means a cell has two copies of each chromosome.
13. __________________ is the process by which offspring are produced from a single parent.
14. __________________ are the sex cells – eggs in the female and sperm cells in the male.
15. __________________ is when a cell receives three copies of a chromosome.
16. __________________, also called body cells, make up the tissues and organs of an organism.
17. __________________ is the production of gametes.
18. A(n) __________________ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.
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Section 6.4: Traits, Genes, and Alleles
Vocabulary
Allele
Dominant
Gene
Genome
Genotype
Heterozygous
Homozygous
Phenotype
Recessive
Trait
1. A(n) __________________ is all of an organism’s genetic material.
2. __________________ refers to the physical characteristics of a trait.
3. A(n) __________________ allele is the allele that is expressed when two different alleles are
present.
4. A __________________ is a section of DNA that encodes for a functional product.
5. __________________ means that the two alleles for a gene are different.
6. __________________ means that the two alleles for a gene are the same.
7. A(n) __________________ is an alternative form of a gene.
8. A(n) __________________ allele is the allele that is expressed only when two of the same
alleles are present.
9. A __________________ is a distinguishing characteristic that is inherited.
10. __________________ refers to the genes for a trait.
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Unit 9: Frontiers in Biotechnology
Vocabulary
cloning
DNA fingerprint
DNA ligase
gel electrophoresis
genetic engineering
recombinant DNA
restriction endonuclease
transgenic
1. __________________ is the process used to change an organism’s DNA to give the organism
new traits.
2. __________________ is the process of making a genetically identical copy of a gene or
organism.
3. __________________ contains a combination of genes from more than one organism.
4. A __________________ organism has one or more genes from another organism inserted
into its genome.
5. A __________________ shows a pattern of DNA bands that is unique for an individual.
6. A __________________ is an enzyme produced by bacteria that recognizes, binds, and cuts a
specific DNA sequence.
7. __________________ is enzyme that repairs the sugar-phosphate bonds of DNA cut by
restriction enzymes.
8. __________________ is a technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.
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