Download BIOL 256 SI, Molly 4/13/16 Exam 4 Review Distinguish among

BIOL 256 SI, Molly
4/13/16
Exam 4 Review
1.) Distinguish among macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells, eosinophils, and natural killer cells.
Macrophages – chief phagocytic cells/ wander through body in search of debris/ Kupffer cells
Neutrophils – phagocytize microbes
Mast cells – bind bacteria and ingest them
Eosinophil – weak phagocytic activity/ mostly for parasitic worms
Natural killer cells – lyse and kill virus/cancer cells by releasing perforins and cytokines/ enhance
inflammatory response
2.) The main protein mechanism used against cellular antigens is:
a. Interferon activity
b. Immunoglobulin defense
c. Complement fixation
d. Chemotaxis
3.) Define an antigen. Define self-antigen (MHC) cells (include the classes). How are they
similar/different?
Antigen – proteins that aren’t found in the body that provoke immune responses
Self-antigens (MHC) – cells tagged with proteins that let the body know they are “self”
MHC I – all body cells
MHC II – certain immune system cells (B cells, dendritic cells, macrophages)
They both have proteins that tell the body their status, but antigens are not from the body and
self-antigens are from the body.
4.) Describe each of the following classes of antibodies name the class described:
a. IgM – pentamer released by plasma cells during primary immune response
b.
IgD – monomer attached to surface of B cells; important for B cell activation
c. IgG – most abundant and diverse in primary and secondary responses; able to cross
placenta and induce passive immunity
d. IgA – Dimer in secretions (saliva, milk) helping prevent attachment of pathogens to
mucosal surfaces
e. IgE – binds to mast cells and basophils; causes histamine release (in response to
allergies)
5.) Cell-mediated immune responses occur when antibodies can’t respond to antigens that are
intracellular. The cells involved in this response are the __T__ cells. There are 2 major classes of
the effector cells (there’s also memory cells, but we’re not talking about those!). Name the two
classes and describe the function of each. Give one way on how you’re going to remember the
difference between the two!
CD4 cells – helper T cells that orchestrate the immune response
CD8 – cytotoxic T cells that destroy cells with foreign antigens
6.) Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus
(HIV). Explain how the virus enters the body, is transmitted, and affects the body. Include the
characteristics of AIDS.
HIV virus can enter the body via blood transfusions, contaminated needles, sexual contact.
Transmitted via bodily fluids: blood, semen, vaginal secretion
HIV virus interferes with CD4 (T helper) cells, crippling the immune system.
Characteristics of AIDS include: severe weight loss, night sweats, swollen lymph nodes
7.) Autoimmune diseases produce ____autoantibodies__, which destroy (self/foreign) cells. What is
the mechanism of autoimmune diseases and provide a few examples.
Ineffective lymphocytes (T and B cells) become self-reactive and escape into circulation.
Self-antigens are created via gene mutations.
Infection causes a mutation in self-antigens, causing them to appear foreign.
8.) What is the difference between the pulmonary cavity and the pleural cavity?
Pulmonary cavity holds the lungs.
Pleural cavity is the space between the visceral and parietal membranes (DOES NOT hold lungs)
9.) Surface tension is the attraction of:
a. Liquid molecules to one another.
b. Liquid and gas molecules attracted to one another.
c. Gas molecules to one another.
d. Alveoli to one another.
10.) Match each of the following:
Henry’s Law
Dalton’s Law
Boyle’s Law
each gas exerts its own partial pressure
each gas dissolves in liquid in proportion to its partial pressure
and solubility
gas pressure is inversely proportional to its volume
11.) Sketch a spirometry graph. Label (those that you can) and define each of the following terms:
a. Tidal volume (TV) – air moving into and out of lungs in each breath
b. Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) – air that’s forcibly inspired beyond tidal volume
c. Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) – air that’s forcible expired beyond tidal volume
d. Residual volume (RV) – air left in lungs after forceful expiration
e. Inspiratory capacity (IC) – total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
f.
Functional residual capacity (FRC) – amount of air remaining in lungs after tidal
expiration
g. Vital capacity (VC) – total amount of exchangeable air
h. Total lung capacity (TLC) – sum of all lung volumes
12.) Select all of the following that would increase hemoglobin’s affinity for oxygen (i.e. what would
cause hemoglobin to hold onto oxygen?):
a. Increase in the partial pressure of oxygen in the tissues.
b. Increase in temperature.
c. Decreased blood pH.
d. Decrease in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood.
e. Increase in BPG.
13.) Name the three ways carbon dioxide is transported in the blood.
Bicarbonate ion in plasma, dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin (carbaminohemoglobin)
14.) The medullary respiratory center controls the __rate_ of breathing. The pons respiratory center
controls the __transition__ between inspiration and expiration.
15.) An increase in breathing rate is triggered by:
a. Increase in oxygen
b. Increase in carbon dioxide
c. Decrease in oxygen
d. Decrease in carbon dioxide
16.) Describe the direction of force each of the following pressures exerts (i.e. out of/into the
capsule/glomerulus)
a. Glomerular hydrostatic pressure out of the glomerulus/into the capsule
b. Colloid osmotic pressure in the glomerulus out of the capsule/into the glomerulus
c. Capsular hydrostatic pressure out of the capsule/into the glomerulus
d. Colloid osmotic pressure in the capsule out of the glomerulus/into the capsule
17.) What substances are reabsorbed from the proximal convoluted tubule? Secreted into the
proximal convoluted tubule?
Reabsorbed: water and salts
Secreted: drugs
18.) What substances are reabsorbed from the descending limb of the loop of Henle? What exits the
ascending limb, and does this cause the medulla to be hypertonic or hypotonic?
Water is reabsorbed from the descending limb. Salts are transported into the medulla from the
ascending limb, causing the medulla to be hypertonic.
19.) What is secreted and/or absorbed through the distal convoluted tubule?
Of ions into the tubule
20.) T or F: If the glomerular filtration rate is high, you will have a low clearance of urea because too
much waste is staying in the glomerulus. You will have a high clearance of urea.
21.) The liver produces angiotensinogen. Renin, which is secreted by the adrenal glands, changes
angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. The enzyme ACE changes angiotensin I to angiotensin II. What
are some of the effects angiotensin II causes?
Constriction of efferent arterioles, mean arterial pressure rises, stimulates adrenal cortex to
release aldosterone (promoting sodium/potassium exchange, conserving sodium AND water),
stimulates ADH secretion (conserving water), and stimulates thirst
22.) The secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) causes the (reabsorption/secretion) of water,
making (dilute/concentrated) urine, which allows you to urinate (more/less) often.
23.) Micturition is the same as __voiding___, which is the same as __urination___, which means to
empty the bladder. What is the main trigger of micturition?
Stretching of the bladder wall