Download Chapter 11: The Civil War

CHAPTER 11:
THE CIVIL WAR
Big Picture: The Civil War resulted in
freedom for some 4 million enslaved
people and the preservation of a nation.
The costs were staggering—more than
600,000 lives lost and about $5 billion in
property damaged or destroyed.
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1:
PREPARING FOR WAR
Main Idea: The attack on Fort
Sumter led both the North and the
South to prepare for war in earnest.
The Fall of Fort Sumter
Crisis
• Commander of the fort, Robert
Anderson sent urgent message to
Lincoln March 5
• Confederate leaders demanded he
surrender or face attack
• Fort supplies were running low, they
need help!
• What to do?
• Surrender – shows south the north does
not want a war; some northerners did not
want to treat them as a separate
legitimate nation
• Lincoln would not surrender, told
Confederates he would only send
food and other nonmilitary
supplies to fort—how would
President Davis respond?
Attack
• Davis decides to act before
provisions arrive
• Tells commanding officer to order an
evacuation and if they refuse, to
proceed to reduce [destroy] it
• April 12, Confederate artillery
opened fire on fort
• Fort’s defenses were no match
and they surrendered the next
day
• April 14 US flag was replaced
with southern flag
The Rush to War and Border States
Response to Ft. Sumter
• President Lincoln calls 75,000
volunteers to serve for 90 days to
put down rebellion
• Northerners rush to enlist
• 8 slave states that remained in the
Union had to choose sides
• Southern states were enraged
• In April, Virginia seceded
• In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and
North Carolina followed
• What about border states—
slaveholding states that remained
in the Union and formed border
with the Confederacy
Border States
• Delaware
• Very few slaves and slaveholders, remains loyal to Union
• Maryland
• Most critical as it surrounded D.C.
• Pro-secessionist burned bridges and cut telegraph wires  Lincoln sent
federal troops to guard sites and put parts of the state under martial law
• Missouri
• Could control lower Mississippi River
• Lincoln sends troops to help pro-Union gov’t stay in control of state
• Kentucky
• Control of some 700 miles of Ohio River meant Union open to threat
• No matter what side they chose, people were fighting on
both sides
Goals and Strategies
North
South
• Goal: fight to save the Union
(patriotic), not settle the
slavery issue
• Strategies (The Anaconda Plan):
• Goal: to be left alone with
slavery unchanged
• Strategies:
• Blockade southern ports
• Union gunboats down the Mississippi
to cut the Confederacy in two
• Hold the invading armies off until they
tire out and withdraw (defensive war)
• Cotton Diplomacy – if war disrupted
cotton supply to Great Britain and
France, both nations would come to
their aid to restore the cotton trade
Advantages and Disadvantages
North
South
• Advantages
• Advantages
• Larger population
• Industry supported manufacturing
• Larger railroad network
• Strong leader in Lincoln
• Well-organized navy
• Disadvantages
• Offensive war, had to take the war to
them
• Defensive war, opposition comes to
us
• Knowledge of the area, used to
conditions, supplies closer
• Fighting for their survival and way of
life
• Strong military leaders (i.e. Robert E.
Lee)
• Disadvantages
• Far fewer resources than the north
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 1
1. What was the Anaconda Plan?
2. How were initial military strategies of the North
and the South different?
3. Was the South’s strategy for fighting the war a
good one? Why or why not?
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 2:
FIGHTING ERUPTS
Main Idea: Widespread fighting
occurred during the first two years
of the Civil War.
The Major Battles Begin
• General McDowell warned
President Lincoln the Union
army was not ready
• 90-day enlistment almost up
• No real training and not used to
marching
• Lincoln notes they are all
“green” [inexperienced] the
South included
First Battle of Bull Run
• Armies could not carry out plans,
battle became a chaotic free-for-all
• At first Union troops push
Confederates back
• Virginia soldiers led by Gen. Thomas
Jackson rushed onto field and
stopped Union advancement ~
“There stands Jackson like a stone
wall!” “Rally behind the Virginians!”
~ Stonewall Jackson had earned his
famous nickname
• Union soldiers begin to fall back and
Confederates do not push ahead
• Ended hopes for a short war
• Lincoln called for more volunteers
willing to serve for 3 years
• Replaced McDowell with George
McClellan
A New War: Technology and Devices
• Bullet-shaped ammunition rather than
round ball
• Spiral groove inside gun barrel
• New reloading system
• cannonballs replaced by shrapnel
• Observation balloons to direct artillery
fire
• First use of camouflage
• Machine guns, wire entanglement,
flamethrowers, and gas shells
• Telegraph allows quick communication
• Railroads move large numbers of
troops
• New technologies made the war
extremely deadly
Ironclads
• Armored gunboats, covered with heavy iron plates up to 3” thick
• Nearly invincible to Confederate cannon fire
• Critical to the North’s campaign for the Mississippi River
Ulysses S. Grant
• Union general in command of
the west
• Takes Fort Henry and Fort
Donelson in quick surrenders
• Grant would accept “No terms except
unconditional and immediate
surrender…”
• Capture of both forts caused a
sensation in both North and
South
• 2 major rivers are now
vulnerable to attack in the
Confederacy
Battle of Shiloh
• April 6, 1862
• Confederates attacked Union troops
camped at Shiloh Church
• After hours of fighting Confederates
had pushed Union forces back; Grant
does not retreat
• Next day Union forces doubled pushed
Confederates back; by 2:30 pm the
battle was over
• Bloodiest fighting yet seen
• Ended northern hopes that rebellion
would collapse on its own
• Opened way for Union forces to split
the Confederacy and gain complete
control of the Mississippi River
The War in the East
Peninsula Campaign
Second Battle of Bull Run
• March 1862, General McClellan
moved his large army
• Came upon small number of
Confederates at Yorktown, but
delayed attack to ask for more
troops
• Lincoln denied and advised him to
act now, he did not
• May 31 Confederates turned and
attacked the Union forces divided
by a river
• No winners, heavy losses on both
sides
• Lincoln removes McClellan from
command
• August 29, Lee lured General Pope
into battle near Manassas, almost
the same ground where McDowell
was beaten a year before
• With Pope’s defeat, Lincoln put
McClellan back in command (“We
must use what tools we have.”)
• Morale in the north is at an all-time
low
• Confederates believed a victory on
Union soil might prompt the North
to ask for peace
The Union is Invaded
Battle of Antietam
Battle of Fredericksburg
• McClellan is again indecisive
and delayed orders for 16
hours, so Confederates were
able to organize their defenses
• September 17, 1862
• General Burnside orders frontal
attack of Confederates
• December 13, 1862, men were
ordered 14 times to charge
• Only the approach of darkness
and pleas of his commanders
halted the slaughter
• More than 13,000 men (twice
the number of Lee’s troops)
lost
• Further destroyed Northern
morale
• Time and time again Union forces
charged defenses to no avail
• Bloodiest single-day battle
• Combined loss of 23,000 (Lee lost
1/3 of his numbers)
• McClellan did not push forward
the next day
• Lincoln relieved him of duty a
second and final time
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 2
4. How did the new weapons used in the war affect
the fighting?
5. How did the First Battle of Bull Run change the
way people viewed the war?
6. What might have happened if Lincoln had
replaced McClellan with Grant earlier in the war?
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 3:
THE WAR BEHIND THE
LINES
Main Idea: The Civil War created
hardships,, challenges , and
opportunities for people in the
North and the South
The Emancipation Proclamation
• Northern attitudes change in
regards to “just” saving the Union
• January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued
Emancipation Proclamation, which
freed the slaves in all areas that
were in rebellion against the
United States
Reactions were mixed:
• Upset Northern abolitionists
because it allowed slavery to
continue in the states not in
rebellion
• It also did not apply to the areas of
the Confederacy that had already
been conquered by Union forces
• Some northerners feared
increased competition for jobs
• Some believed it would help
shorten the war
• Great Britain felt Lincoln had
not gone far enough
• Only freed these slaves
because he feared causing
trouble in the border states
and other parts of the North
and losing their support
African Americans and the War
• Huge contributions in the
South
• Working on the farms and
plantations provided food for
soldiers as well as releasing
white males from labor to join
the army
• Served in noncombat jobs like
cooking, nursing, driving
wagons, building defenses
• Escaped slaves were often
times hired by Union army to
drive wagons, build forts,
serve as guides, etc.
• African American soldiers
served in segregated units
usually commanded by white
officers
• At first they were mainly used
for labor and guard duty
• In May and July of 1863 African
American regiments fought
heroically in attacks at Port
Hudson and Fort Wagoner
• Nearly 180,000 served in the
Union armies
• By the end of the war black
troops had served in some 200
battles and more than 38,000
died serving the Union
Life in the Military
• Most troops did not die on the
battlefield or wounds suffered
there
• Disease was by far the greatest
killer of soldiers
• No such thing as vaccinations
and antibiotics-diseases spread
rapidly in camp
• Some soldiers were sickened by
poor sanitation and polluted
water supplies
• Civil War doctors knew nothing
about bacteria and the spread
of them
• Most wounds ended in
amputation
• 75% of time was spend in
camp
• Conditions were poor; either
too muddy or too dry
• Soldiers crammed into tents
designed for far fewer,
sometimes even forced to
sleep on ground
• Up early in the morning for
breakfast, daily drills and
chores
• Ate well at first but supplies
will dwindle
Life on the Home Front
North
• March 1863, Union turns to
the draft (forced military
service) to find more soldiers
• The draft fueled the antiwar
movement
• Opposition to war was led by
members of the Democratic
Party in Congress, known as
Copperheads
• Lincoln suspended habeas
corpus across entire country
in September 1862
South
• Few factories, little ability to
manufacture needed goods
• Food production dropped
• Because of the blockade costs
of everyday items soared
• Confederate government
printed huge sums of paper
money
• Borrowed money and sold
bonds (fought the war on
credit)
• April 1862, Confederate
Congress enacted the first
military draft
Women in the Civil War
• Several hundred disguised themselves as
men and enlisted in the army
• Few served as spies
• Took over farms, plantations, stores, and
other businesses while men served in
armies
• Worked as bankers and steamboat
captains
• Worked in factories to make clothes,
shoes, and other supplies
• Formed societies to gather and send
supplies to their armies
• Began serving as nurses and tending to
soldiers on the battlefields
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 3
7. What is the draft?
8. How did the blockade affect the South?
9. Why did Lincoln free slaves only in areas in
rebellion against the United States?
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4:
THE WAR CONTINUES
Main Idea: Important fighting
occurred in all sections of the
country as well as at sea.
The Civil War at Sea
Blockade Runners
• Slipping through, or
“running” the
Union blockade was
pretty easy in the
beginning
• By the summer of 1862, however, more Union ships had been
obtained and blockade became tighter
• The South depended on blockade runners, built for speed, to
get past Union ships
The Monitor and the Merrimack
• USS Merrimack was
captured by
Confederates, covered
with thick iron plates
and renamed the
Virginia
• Word reached the north
who then rushed to
make their own ironclad
• March 9, 1862, the Monitor arrived off the coast of Virginia
• The two ships fought for hours, neither able to do any serious
damage, no clear winner, but changed the face of naval
warfare, demonstrating the ability of ironclads to withstand
cannon fire
The Battle of Chancellorsville
• General Hooker leaves troops to distract Lee
while moving other troops west and south to
surprise the rebels from behind
• Lee expected this and marched west leaving a
few soldiers behind to it appear they remained
• May 2, 1863-Jackson’s troops charged out of the
woods at Hooker’s troops as they cooked dinner
in their camps
• Battle lasted 2 more days (17,000 Union casualties
and 13,000 rebels)
• Lee’s greatest and most brilliant victory, northern
morale sunk even lower
• Lee decides to invade the North again
The Battle of Gettysburg
• Lincoln replaced the indecisive
Hooker with General George
Meade
• Three-day battle (July 1-4, 1863)
in PA, largest battle ever fought
in N. America
• Union defenses were broken
through, but the 20 th Maine
made a heroic defense at Little
Round Top
• Lee ordered 15,000 fresh troops
to attack the center; his
commanding officers disagreed
• Pickett’s Charge led to the
death of over half his regiment
• Lee retreated the next day
The Siege of Vicksburg
• April 1863 Grant moves toward
Vicksburg winning 5 battles in 17
days
• In May, Grant began a siege to
starve Vicksburg and 32,000
defenders as well as constant
shelling on the city
• July 4 the Confederate commander
at Vicksburg surrendered the city
and his army of 31,000 troops
The Chattanooga Campaign
• September 1863 the Battle of
Chickamauga resulted in a
Union campaign to capture
Chattanooga (railroad center on
GA-TN border)
• By November 1863 Grant’s
victories gave him the control
and an important first step in
Grant’s plan to invade Georgia
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 4
10. What major events of the war occurred in 1863?
11. How did the battle between the Monitor and the
Virginia change naval warfare?
12. How might the war have been different if Lee
had designed not to fight at Gettysburg?
CHAPTER 11 SECTION 5:
THE FINAL PHASE
Main Idea: Southerners continued to
hope for victory in 1864, but military
and political events caused those
hopes to fade.
Grant takes Command
• President Lincoln believed he finally had a general who could crush
the Confederates
• March 1864, Lincoln brought Grant to Washington and gave him
command of the Union armies
• General William T. Sherman was given command of the western
front
• Election of 1864 was upon them
• Lee does not necessarily want to win the battles but make the cost of
fighting so high that Lincoln would lose the election
• Grant hoped to end the war before November (before the election)
• Grant pushes toward Richmond to cut off supplies to Confederates,
Lee was content to dig in and wait for the election
Sherman on the move
• Sherman marched troops toward Atlanta,
important southern manufacturing and
transportation center
• Sherman laid siege on Atlanta, shelling the
city daily with his artillery, finally able to
close the last railroad line forcing
Confederate troops out of the city on
September 1
• Sherman’s capture of Atlanta allowed
Lincoln to defeat McClellan easily in the
election
• Lincoln’s victory also enabled Congress to
pass the 13th Amendment to end slavery in
the US
• Finally passed the House of Representatives
on January 31, 1865
• Ratified by states and became part of the
Constitution in December 1865
Sherman’s March
• After the election, Sherman set out with 60,000 troops to march
across GA and capture Savannah
• Sherman burned much of Atlanta as they left
• Sherman’s March to the Sea cut a destruction 300 miles long and
50-60 miles wide across
• Slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, tore up railroad tracks, looted
homes and businesses
• His tactics were designed to show that Union armies could now do
as they wished in the South – further resistance was useless
• Arrived outside Savannah December 10, commander surrendered by
December 21
• In January 1865, Sherman brought his army north into SC
• Few private homes were destroyed in GA, few in SC escaped destruction
The fall of Richmond
• April 2, 1865 Grant broke through Lee’s defenses without waiting
for Sherman
• Confederate leaders fled the city and Union troops entered
Richmond the next day
• Lee tried to escape to join another force retreating from Sherman’s
forces in NC
• Union forces surrounded the Confederates at the town of
Appomattox Court House, VA
Surrender at Appomattox
• Lee and Grant met in a
home on Sunday, April 9
• They chatted about the
days of the MexicanAmerican War
• Grant presented terms of
surrender  Lee’s troops
only had to turn over
weapons and leave
• Grant offered food to starving troops and ordered guns
silenced in Union camps
• Last of Confederate forces surrender on May 26, 1865
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
Chapter 11 Section 5
13. How did Sherman help Lincoln win re-election in
1864?
14. In what ways were Grant’s and Lee’s strategies
different in 1864?
15. Why do you think Lee encouraged his soldiers to go
home and become good citizens?
Chapter 11 Review
Write out the question and the answer
“With malice toward none, with charity for all, with
firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right,
let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up
the nation’s wounds.”
~ Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865
16. What does the word malice mean?
17. What is the “work we are in” that Lincoln refers to?
18. How do Lincoln’s words show his attitude toward
the South?
Chapter 11 Review
Write the question and answer
Read the passage in Section 5 that begins with the heading
“Sherman’s March.” Then answer the questions that follow.
19. One of Sherman’s main reasons for being so destructive
was that he...
A.
B.
C.
D.
wanted revenge on Robert E. Lee.
was trying to show Grant he was a good general.
wanted to destroy the South’s ability to fight.
was trying to make Britain and France stop supporting the South.
20.The term swath (in the 2nd paragraph) means...
A.
B.
C.
D.
a strike or blow.
an important victory.
an exchange of goods or services.
a long, broad band or strip.