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CHAPTER 11: THE CIVIL WAR Big Picture: The Civil War resulted in freedom for some 4 million enslaved people and the preservation of a nation. The costs were staggering—more than 600,000 lives lost and about $5 billion in property damaged or destroyed. CHAPTER 11 SECTION 1: PREPARING FOR WAR Main Idea: The attack on Fort Sumter led both the North and the South to prepare for war in earnest. The Fall of Fort Sumter Crisis • Commander of the fort, Robert Anderson sent urgent message to Lincoln March 5 • Confederate leaders demanded he surrender or face attack • Fort supplies were running low, they need help! • What to do? • Surrender – shows south the north does not want a war; some northerners did not want to treat them as a separate legitimate nation • Lincoln would not surrender, told Confederates he would only send food and other nonmilitary supplies to fort—how would President Davis respond? Attack • Davis decides to act before provisions arrive • Tells commanding officer to order an evacuation and if they refuse, to proceed to reduce [destroy] it • April 12, Confederate artillery opened fire on fort • Fort’s defenses were no match and they surrendered the next day • April 14 US flag was replaced with southern flag The Rush to War and Border States Response to Ft. Sumter • President Lincoln calls 75,000 volunteers to serve for 90 days to put down rebellion • Northerners rush to enlist • 8 slave states that remained in the Union had to choose sides • Southern states were enraged • In April, Virginia seceded • In May, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina followed • What about border states— slaveholding states that remained in the Union and formed border with the Confederacy Border States • Delaware • Very few slaves and slaveholders, remains loyal to Union • Maryland • Most critical as it surrounded D.C. • Pro-secessionist burned bridges and cut telegraph wires Lincoln sent federal troops to guard sites and put parts of the state under martial law • Missouri • Could control lower Mississippi River • Lincoln sends troops to help pro-Union gov’t stay in control of state • Kentucky • Control of some 700 miles of Ohio River meant Union open to threat • No matter what side they chose, people were fighting on both sides Goals and Strategies North South • Goal: fight to save the Union (patriotic), not settle the slavery issue • Strategies (The Anaconda Plan): • Goal: to be left alone with slavery unchanged • Strategies: • Blockade southern ports • Union gunboats down the Mississippi to cut the Confederacy in two • Hold the invading armies off until they tire out and withdraw (defensive war) • Cotton Diplomacy – if war disrupted cotton supply to Great Britain and France, both nations would come to their aid to restore the cotton trade Advantages and Disadvantages North South • Advantages • Advantages • Larger population • Industry supported manufacturing • Larger railroad network • Strong leader in Lincoln • Well-organized navy • Disadvantages • Offensive war, had to take the war to them • Defensive war, opposition comes to us • Knowledge of the area, used to conditions, supplies closer • Fighting for their survival and way of life • Strong military leaders (i.e. Robert E. Lee) • Disadvantages • Far fewer resources than the north Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer Chapter 11 Section 1 1. What was the Anaconda Plan? 2. How were initial military strategies of the North and the South different? 3. Was the South’s strategy for fighting the war a good one? Why or why not? CHAPTER 11 SECTION 2: FIGHTING ERUPTS Main Idea: Widespread fighting occurred during the first two years of the Civil War. The Major Battles Begin • General McDowell warned President Lincoln the Union army was not ready • 90-day enlistment almost up • No real training and not used to marching • Lincoln notes they are all “green” [inexperienced] the South included First Battle of Bull Run • Armies could not carry out plans, battle became a chaotic free-for-all • At first Union troops push Confederates back • Virginia soldiers led by Gen. Thomas Jackson rushed onto field and stopped Union advancement ~ “There stands Jackson like a stone wall!” “Rally behind the Virginians!” ~ Stonewall Jackson had earned his famous nickname • Union soldiers begin to fall back and Confederates do not push ahead • Ended hopes for a short war • Lincoln called for more volunteers willing to serve for 3 years • Replaced McDowell with George McClellan A New War: Technology and Devices • Bullet-shaped ammunition rather than round ball • Spiral groove inside gun barrel • New reloading system • cannonballs replaced by shrapnel • Observation balloons to direct artillery fire • First use of camouflage • Machine guns, wire entanglement, flamethrowers, and gas shells • Telegraph allows quick communication • Railroads move large numbers of troops • New technologies made the war extremely deadly Ironclads • Armored gunboats, covered with heavy iron plates up to 3” thick • Nearly invincible to Confederate cannon fire • Critical to the North’s campaign for the Mississippi River Ulysses S. Grant • Union general in command of the west • Takes Fort Henry and Fort Donelson in quick surrenders • Grant would accept “No terms except unconditional and immediate surrender…” • Capture of both forts caused a sensation in both North and South • 2 major rivers are now vulnerable to attack in the Confederacy Battle of Shiloh • April 6, 1862 • Confederates attacked Union troops camped at Shiloh Church • After hours of fighting Confederates had pushed Union forces back; Grant does not retreat • Next day Union forces doubled pushed Confederates back; by 2:30 pm the battle was over • Bloodiest fighting yet seen • Ended northern hopes that rebellion would collapse on its own • Opened way for Union forces to split the Confederacy and gain complete control of the Mississippi River The War in the East Peninsula Campaign Second Battle of Bull Run • March 1862, General McClellan moved his large army • Came upon small number of Confederates at Yorktown, but delayed attack to ask for more troops • Lincoln denied and advised him to act now, he did not • May 31 Confederates turned and attacked the Union forces divided by a river • No winners, heavy losses on both sides • Lincoln removes McClellan from command • August 29, Lee lured General Pope into battle near Manassas, almost the same ground where McDowell was beaten a year before • With Pope’s defeat, Lincoln put McClellan back in command (“We must use what tools we have.”) • Morale in the north is at an all-time low • Confederates believed a victory on Union soil might prompt the North to ask for peace The Union is Invaded Battle of Antietam Battle of Fredericksburg • McClellan is again indecisive and delayed orders for 16 hours, so Confederates were able to organize their defenses • September 17, 1862 • General Burnside orders frontal attack of Confederates • December 13, 1862, men were ordered 14 times to charge • Only the approach of darkness and pleas of his commanders halted the slaughter • More than 13,000 men (twice the number of Lee’s troops) lost • Further destroyed Northern morale • Time and time again Union forces charged defenses to no avail • Bloodiest single-day battle • Combined loss of 23,000 (Lee lost 1/3 of his numbers) • McClellan did not push forward the next day • Lincoln relieved him of duty a second and final time Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer Chapter 11 Section 2 4. How did the new weapons used in the war affect the fighting? 5. How did the First Battle of Bull Run change the way people viewed the war? 6. What might have happened if Lincoln had replaced McClellan with Grant earlier in the war? CHAPTER 11 SECTION 3: THE WAR BEHIND THE LINES Main Idea: The Civil War created hardships,, challenges , and opportunities for people in the North and the South The Emancipation Proclamation • Northern attitudes change in regards to “just” saving the Union • January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued Emancipation Proclamation, which freed the slaves in all areas that were in rebellion against the United States Reactions were mixed: • Upset Northern abolitionists because it allowed slavery to continue in the states not in rebellion • It also did not apply to the areas of the Confederacy that had already been conquered by Union forces • Some northerners feared increased competition for jobs • Some believed it would help shorten the war • Great Britain felt Lincoln had not gone far enough • Only freed these slaves because he feared causing trouble in the border states and other parts of the North and losing their support African Americans and the War • Huge contributions in the South • Working on the farms and plantations provided food for soldiers as well as releasing white males from labor to join the army • Served in noncombat jobs like cooking, nursing, driving wagons, building defenses • Escaped slaves were often times hired by Union army to drive wagons, build forts, serve as guides, etc. • African American soldiers served in segregated units usually commanded by white officers • At first they were mainly used for labor and guard duty • In May and July of 1863 African American regiments fought heroically in attacks at Port Hudson and Fort Wagoner • Nearly 180,000 served in the Union armies • By the end of the war black troops had served in some 200 battles and more than 38,000 died serving the Union Life in the Military • Most troops did not die on the battlefield or wounds suffered there • Disease was by far the greatest killer of soldiers • No such thing as vaccinations and antibiotics-diseases spread rapidly in camp • Some soldiers were sickened by poor sanitation and polluted water supplies • Civil War doctors knew nothing about bacteria and the spread of them • Most wounds ended in amputation • 75% of time was spend in camp • Conditions were poor; either too muddy or too dry • Soldiers crammed into tents designed for far fewer, sometimes even forced to sleep on ground • Up early in the morning for breakfast, daily drills and chores • Ate well at first but supplies will dwindle Life on the Home Front North • March 1863, Union turns to the draft (forced military service) to find more soldiers • The draft fueled the antiwar movement • Opposition to war was led by members of the Democratic Party in Congress, known as Copperheads • Lincoln suspended habeas corpus across entire country in September 1862 South • Few factories, little ability to manufacture needed goods • Food production dropped • Because of the blockade costs of everyday items soared • Confederate government printed huge sums of paper money • Borrowed money and sold bonds (fought the war on credit) • April 1862, Confederate Congress enacted the first military draft Women in the Civil War • Several hundred disguised themselves as men and enlisted in the army • Few served as spies • Took over farms, plantations, stores, and other businesses while men served in armies • Worked as bankers and steamboat captains • Worked in factories to make clothes, shoes, and other supplies • Formed societies to gather and send supplies to their armies • Began serving as nurses and tending to soldiers on the battlefields Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer Chapter 11 Section 3 7. What is the draft? 8. How did the blockade affect the South? 9. Why did Lincoln free slaves only in areas in rebellion against the United States? CHAPTER 11 SECTION 4: THE WAR CONTINUES Main Idea: Important fighting occurred in all sections of the country as well as at sea. The Civil War at Sea Blockade Runners • Slipping through, or “running” the Union blockade was pretty easy in the beginning • By the summer of 1862, however, more Union ships had been obtained and blockade became tighter • The South depended on blockade runners, built for speed, to get past Union ships The Monitor and the Merrimack • USS Merrimack was captured by Confederates, covered with thick iron plates and renamed the Virginia • Word reached the north who then rushed to make their own ironclad • March 9, 1862, the Monitor arrived off the coast of Virginia • The two ships fought for hours, neither able to do any serious damage, no clear winner, but changed the face of naval warfare, demonstrating the ability of ironclads to withstand cannon fire The Battle of Chancellorsville • General Hooker leaves troops to distract Lee while moving other troops west and south to surprise the rebels from behind • Lee expected this and marched west leaving a few soldiers behind to it appear they remained • May 2, 1863-Jackson’s troops charged out of the woods at Hooker’s troops as they cooked dinner in their camps • Battle lasted 2 more days (17,000 Union casualties and 13,000 rebels) • Lee’s greatest and most brilliant victory, northern morale sunk even lower • Lee decides to invade the North again The Battle of Gettysburg • Lincoln replaced the indecisive Hooker with General George Meade • Three-day battle (July 1-4, 1863) in PA, largest battle ever fought in N. America • Union defenses were broken through, but the 20 th Maine made a heroic defense at Little Round Top • Lee ordered 15,000 fresh troops to attack the center; his commanding officers disagreed • Pickett’s Charge led to the death of over half his regiment • Lee retreated the next day The Siege of Vicksburg • April 1863 Grant moves toward Vicksburg winning 5 battles in 17 days • In May, Grant began a siege to starve Vicksburg and 32,000 defenders as well as constant shelling on the city • July 4 the Confederate commander at Vicksburg surrendered the city and his army of 31,000 troops The Chattanooga Campaign • September 1863 the Battle of Chickamauga resulted in a Union campaign to capture Chattanooga (railroad center on GA-TN border) • By November 1863 Grant’s victories gave him the control and an important first step in Grant’s plan to invade Georgia Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer Chapter 11 Section 4 10. What major events of the war occurred in 1863? 11. How did the battle between the Monitor and the Virginia change naval warfare? 12. How might the war have been different if Lee had designed not to fight at Gettysburg? CHAPTER 11 SECTION 5: THE FINAL PHASE Main Idea: Southerners continued to hope for victory in 1864, but military and political events caused those hopes to fade. Grant takes Command • President Lincoln believed he finally had a general who could crush the Confederates • March 1864, Lincoln brought Grant to Washington and gave him command of the Union armies • General William T. Sherman was given command of the western front • Election of 1864 was upon them • Lee does not necessarily want to win the battles but make the cost of fighting so high that Lincoln would lose the election • Grant hoped to end the war before November (before the election) • Grant pushes toward Richmond to cut off supplies to Confederates, Lee was content to dig in and wait for the election Sherman on the move • Sherman marched troops toward Atlanta, important southern manufacturing and transportation center • Sherman laid siege on Atlanta, shelling the city daily with his artillery, finally able to close the last railroad line forcing Confederate troops out of the city on September 1 • Sherman’s capture of Atlanta allowed Lincoln to defeat McClellan easily in the election • Lincoln’s victory also enabled Congress to pass the 13th Amendment to end slavery in the US • Finally passed the House of Representatives on January 31, 1865 • Ratified by states and became part of the Constitution in December 1865 Sherman’s March • After the election, Sherman set out with 60,000 troops to march across GA and capture Savannah • Sherman burned much of Atlanta as they left • Sherman’s March to the Sea cut a destruction 300 miles long and 50-60 miles wide across • Slaughtered livestock, destroyed crops, tore up railroad tracks, looted homes and businesses • His tactics were designed to show that Union armies could now do as they wished in the South – further resistance was useless • Arrived outside Savannah December 10, commander surrendered by December 21 • In January 1865, Sherman brought his army north into SC • Few private homes were destroyed in GA, few in SC escaped destruction The fall of Richmond • April 2, 1865 Grant broke through Lee’s defenses without waiting for Sherman • Confederate leaders fled the city and Union troops entered Richmond the next day • Lee tried to escape to join another force retreating from Sherman’s forces in NC • Union forces surrounded the Confederates at the town of Appomattox Court House, VA Surrender at Appomattox • Lee and Grant met in a home on Sunday, April 9 • They chatted about the days of the MexicanAmerican War • Grant presented terms of surrender Lee’s troops only had to turn over weapons and leave • Grant offered food to starving troops and ordered guns silenced in Union camps • Last of Confederate forces surrender on May 26, 1865 Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer Chapter 11 Section 5 13. How did Sherman help Lincoln win re-election in 1864? 14. In what ways were Grant’s and Lee’s strategies different in 1864? 15. Why do you think Lee encouraged his soldiers to go home and become good citizens? Chapter 11 Review Write out the question and the answer “With malice toward none, with charity for all, with firmness in the right as God gives us to see the right, let us strive on to finish the work we are in, to bind up the nation’s wounds.” ~ Lincoln’s Second Inaugural Address, March 4, 1865 16. What does the word malice mean? 17. What is the “work we are in” that Lincoln refers to? 18. How do Lincoln’s words show his attitude toward the South? Chapter 11 Review Write the question and answer Read the passage in Section 5 that begins with the heading “Sherman’s March.” Then answer the questions that follow. 19. One of Sherman’s main reasons for being so destructive was that he... A. B. C. D. wanted revenge on Robert E. Lee. was trying to show Grant he was a good general. wanted to destroy the South’s ability to fight. was trying to make Britain and France stop supporting the South. 20.The term swath (in the 2nd paragraph) means... A. B. C. D. a strike or blow. an important victory. an exchange of goods or services. a long, broad band or strip.