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Genetic Equilibrium Objectives Identify the causes of genotypic variation in a population Explain Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium and what it is used for Variation of Traits in a Population Population genetics is the study of evolution from a genetic point of view A population is a group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed Evolution is a gradual change in the genetic material of a population A population is the smallest unit in which evolution occurs Within a population, individuals may vary in observable traits (phenotypes) Variation of Traits in a Population Biologists use graphs to study the frequency of traits Graphs usually resemble a bell curve Individuals at the ends of the bell curve exhibit extreme variations of the trait Individuals in the bell curve exhibit the typical variations of the trait Variation of Traits in a Population Causes of Variation of Traits Some variations are influenced by environmental factors, such as the availability of food Variation is often influenced by heredity Usually both factors play a role Causes of Variation of Traits 3 main causes of genetic variation Mutation: results from flawed copies of original genes Recombination: reassociation of genes of a diploid individual • Caused by crossing over between genes of homologous chromosomes Random fusion of gametes: which sperm out of hundreds of millions will fertilize the egg? Allele Frequencies and the Gene Pool Genetic variation in a population is studied by looking at the gene pool Gene pool – all the genes for all of the traits in a population Allele frequency is the number of times, or percentage, an allele occurs in a population Determined by dividing the number of a certain allele (A) by the total number of alleles of all types in the population (A & a) Allele Frequencies and the Gene Pool Phenotype frequency is the number of times a specific phenotype occurs in a population Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium States that allele frequencies in a population tend to remain the same from generation to generation Allows scientists to consider what forces disrupt genetic equilibrium by providing a model of how genetic equilibrium is maintained Usually does not occur in real populations Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium 5 conditions required to maintain genetic equilibrium: No mutations occur Individuals do not enter or leave the population Population is large Individuals mate randomly Selection does not occur Notes Review Identify the causes of genotypic variation in a population Mutations Recombination Random fusion of gametes Notes Review Explain Hardy-Weinberg genetic equilibrium and what it is used for Hardy-Weinberg states that allele frequencies in a population tend to remain the same from generation to generation It allows scientists to consider what forces disrupt genetic equilibrium by providing a model of how genetic equilibrium is maintained