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Honors Bio 2012 Spring Final Study Guide KMZ SCIENTIFIC METHOD 1. Scientific Method & Experimental Design Variables Sample size Controls Reading graphs CHEMISTRY & BIOCHEMISTRY 2. Chemistry Atoms vs. Molecules vs. Compounds Differences between elements Significance of valence electrons? Related to bonds? Why are bonds important? Electronegativity Properties of water: Adhesive, Cohesive, Retains heat Types of bonds: Covalent: polar vs. non polar, Ionic, Hydrogen 3. Inorganic compunds Examples. In general, what are they? 4. Organic Compounds: The important biochemical molecules & their elements. How do they relate to cellular functions? Nucleotides. Structure. What for? How related? How different? Proteins. Made of? Types. How do they relate to nucleic acids? Carbohydrates. A favorite? Elements? Ratios? Simple and complicated. What required? Difference between starch, glycogen, cellulose. Lipids. Examples? Water soluble? Salad dressing. 5. Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis Where do they occur? What is required? Why important? What factors affect these processes? Relationship between the reactions? CELLS AND DIFFERENTIATION 1. Types of Cells Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Plants vs. Animals 2. Differential Gene Expression Central Dogma? What is this? How does a zygote become something much, much more complicated? Cell Theory Single vs. Multicellular What is differential gene expression? CELL DIVISION & GENETICS 1. Mitosis & Meiosis & the Cell Cycle Diploid vs. haploid Somatic vs. germ cell Importance of each process Stages. What happens? When? Spermatogenesis & Oogenesis Honors Biology Variation and Meiosis. Why important? Compared to Prokaryotic cell division 2012 Spring Final Study Guide KMZ Honors Biology Study Guide Spring Final 2012 KMZ 2. DNA in different forms DNA basic structure What is a gene? Centromere Homologous Chromosomes Autosomes vs. Sex chromosomes A karyotype 3. Mutations & Cancer & Aging Mutations: Good? Bad? Indifferent? Mutations: Caused by what? 4. Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction Advantages & disadvantages to each. 5. Mendel & Genetics Monohybrid & dihybrid crosses Genotypes vs. Phenotypes Heterozygote vs. Homozygote Sex linked genes? EVOLUTION Why is variation in a population SO important? The points of Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection? Terms: Speciation & Species. Relationship between traits and genes and DNA Analogous vs. Homologous characteristics Mechanisms for changing the frequency of alleles in populations? Remember genetic drift, migration, mutation, natural selection, and sexual selection???? Do individuals evolve? How do scientists think that eukaryotes evolved from prokaryotes? A theory to explain the evolution of life as we know it? Where did all these cool organic molecules come from? ENERGY SOURCES Where does ENERGY come from? The top 9 world sources: Biomass, Coal, Geothermal, Hydro, Natural Gas, Petroleum, Solar, Uranium/Nuclear, Wind o Renewable? How Accessed? o Benefits vs. Drawbacks? What is sustainability? Renewable vs. Reusable What do you think is/are the best ENERGY sources for use on our Planet? Why? OTHER 1. Characteristics of Living Things!!! Resources: www.johnkyrk.com http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/Bi ologyPages/ Honors Biology Study Guide Spring Final Your Textbook!!!!! The interweb My teacher page at the Metro HS site KMZ