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The Roman Republic Study Guide – Accommodated The Government Once the Romans overthrew Tarquin, their Etruscan king, they set up a republic in which the people chose their rulers. Patricians were members of the oldest and richest families who had the most say in government. Plebeians were the ordinary citizens, such as farmers, workers and artisans. Rome’s republic was headed by two consuls who were administrators and military leaders. Each consul had the power to veto – cancel another’s decision. Tribunes were government officials elected to protect the rights of the plebeians. The Twelve Tables were placed in the Forum making laws public for everyone to see. Roman Expansion By 275 BC Rome ruled the entire Italian peninsula. Roman soldiers, called legionaries, helped the army gain territory. The Punic Wars The wars between Rome and Carthage were known as the Punic Wars. The use of the corvus helped Rome win the First Punic War at sea. Hannibal spent 15 years destroying the southern Italian countryside before he was defeated at Zama in the Second Punic War. As a result of its victory in the Third Punic War, Rome controlled Macedonia, Syria and later, Greece. Effects of Conquest Conquests hurt Roman farmers: o Many small farms were replaced by large estates called latifundias. o While Hannibal and his soldiers were in Italy many farmers burned their fields and crops to prevent them from getting food. o Slaves began to live and take over work on the latifundias. Farmers moved to live in the terrible conditions of the city. The government used publicans to collect high taxes from the people of the territories it conquered. Roman Leadership Reformers tried to improve conditions in Rome. The Gracchus brothers tried to help the small farmers. General Gaius Marius, a military hero, thought he could end Rome’s troubles by setting up a professional army. Lucius Sulla made himself dictator, or absolute ruler, and increased the power of the Senate. Political power passed to a triumvirate – group of three people of equal power – led by Julius Caesar. Caesar was killed by a group of senators who were afraid he would make himself king. Octavian gained control of the government of Rome after fights broke out in the Second Triumvirate.