Download File unit 3

Unit 3
The Phoenicians
The Phoenicians
• What were they famous
for?
• Invented the alphabet.
Persian Empire under Darius, 521-486
B.C.E.
Persian Rule
• Divided into twenty provinces
– ruled by a Persian satrap or governor
• Persian control – building and patrolling the royal roads
– use of secret agents
• Why were the Persians successful rulers?
• willing to adapt to local circumstances, to learn
from those with experience, and to utilize the skills
of non-Persians
Map of Greece
Troy
Athens
Sparta
Crete
Greeks
• Small city-states developed
• Lack of natural resources
–spurred the growth of maritime
commerce.
• Contact with other peoples brought in
new ideas and technologies.
Greek Gods
•
•
•
•
•
People emulated the
Gods’ behavior
Anthropomorphic
Influenced peoples’
actions
Gods lived on Mt.
Olympus
Each God controlled a
specific part of the
universe.
The Parthenon
Dedicated to the Goddess Athena Parthenon.
Built between 447 BCE and 438 BCE.
New Technique: Phalanx
• Each city-state had
citizen-soldiers
• A new method of
fighting emerged
called “phalanx”
• A massive formation
of heavily armed
foot soldiers that
moved in unison
Sparta
• Military Society
• Gov: led by two kings and
20 counselors
• largest and most
sophisticated army in the
known world
• Forbade: trade, travel and
free speech!
• Needed army to control
slave (helot) population
• Outnumbered 20 to 1
• Control lasted over 250
years.
Spartan Military Life
Army governed life
What did it mean for a
man?
Trained in military
-Started at age 7
-Marry at 20 but live
in barracks
-Retire at 60
53 years of service!
•Males can vote at 30
Reading: Sparta, The
training of Youth
Athens
• It is the place
where democracy
was born.
Pericles’ Funeral Oration
“Our constitution is called a
democracy because power is in the
hands not of a minority but of the
whole people.
We alone regard a man who takes
no interest in public affairs not as
harmless, but as a useless
character.”
--Pericles’ 431 B.C.
Athenian Democracy
• Only those with both parents
born in Athens could have
citizenship
• Athens had a direct democracy:
all male citizens had the right to
attend the Assembly and a vote.
• met 40 times a year
• No elections, leaders chosen by
drawing lots
• Member of 500
The Persian Wars: Overview
The threat of the powerful
Persian empire united the
Greek city-states.
Around 500B.C. Greeks
were attacked by the
Persians
Greeks joined together to
fight Persians
 3 Persian Wars (499-479
BCE)
The Impact of the Persian Wars
1. Athens emerged as the most powerful citystate.
2. Athens used the Delian League (alliance of
150 city states) to create an Athenian
empire.
3. With Pericles as its leader, Athens enters
into its Golden Age!
AlliaPeloponnesian War:
nce System Fails!
The Peloponnesian War: CAUSES
Sparta formed the
Peloponnesian
League
Sparta and Athens
rivaling for
supremacy…
The Peloponnesian War
• 27 year war ensues
• Pericles brings all the
people into the city
• He depends on the navy,
high walls and food
supplies to string out the
war
A Mysterious Plague Hits Athens!
• Plague destroys 1/3 of
Athenian population
The Peloponnesian War: Effects
1. Persia gained control of
many city-states
2. Defeated democracy in
Greece
3. Sparta would eventually
fall to Persia
4. Athen’s cultural
influence continues
The Three Great Greek Thinkers
Who are they?
Socrates
• “…the unexamined life is not
worth living.”
• “Socratic Method”
• question & answer approach;
helped people recognize they
didn’t have all the answers!
• “Know thy self”…
• Self-examination leads to
correct behavior and ethical
living.
Socrates on Trial----WHY?
•Seen by many to not believe in the gods
•Feared that he was corrupting the minds of the youth!
•He is found guilty and put to death! A scapegoat…
Great Philosophers of Greece
“The Death of
Socrates” Painted in
France in 1787
• How does it depict
this famous man?
-Noble, dignified &
forceful.
-He is ready to meet
his death but not
before he speaks his
mind!
Plato
• Author of
The Republic
• No family or personal
property; common
good government
• Yet the government
should regulate every
aspect of its citizens
lives!
• Philosopher king
should rule
Started a school called
The Academy
Aristotle
• Supports family & personal
property
• A government that features
three social classes
• Favored a single virtuous, strong
ruler
• Taught Alexander the Great
Alexander the Great (336-323) B.C.E.
Accomplishments
• Conquers Egypt, Mediterranean Sea region, Persia,
and far as Pakistan
• Declared pharaoh in Egypt
• Alexander had encouraged blending by marrying a
Persian woman and adopting Persian customs.
• Builds capital of Alexandria and many other
– Center of the Hellenistic world
The Empire of Alexander the Great
The Legacy of Alexander
• 327 B.C.E. attempts to
conquer India
• Alexander dies in Babylon
of malaria after 13 years
as king
– Empire broken up into 3
Macedonian dynasties
• Alexander’s most lasting
achievement was the
spread of Greek culture
Ancient Rome
From a Republic to an Empire
509 B.C.E – 476 CE
1
Geography and Rome
• Why was it easier for
the Romans to unite
than the Greeks?
• Rome is located on the
Italian Peninsula.
• Rich soil
• Mild climate
• Center of
Mediterranean Sea
Roman Religion
•
•
•
•
Adopted Greek gods
Jupiter is Zeus
Mars is Ares
Venus is Aphrodite
Roman Republic Est. 507 BCE
• What is republic?
• All citizens with the right
to vote choose their
leaders.
• Is it a democracy?
• Male citizens could attend,
but votes of wealthy class
counted more
Patricians Vs. Plebeians
• Patricians (senate 300)
• Upper class aristocrats
who owned land and
controlled the government
& the economy
• Plebeians
• Farmers, merchants,
artisans and traders
• Who has the power?
• Senate
The Roman Republic: Government
See handout…
1
2
300 men
Tribunes
Plebeians
Slaves
Majority of
Population
No
power
The Rule of Law: Five Basic Principles
• People equal under law
• The accused can face accuser
and defend the charge
• Decisions based on fairness
• Innocent until proven guilty
• Guilt must be clearly established
What was the fashion of the day?
Togas (upper class), stolas, pallas, tunics, leather
sandals, and palla cloaks for the soldiers!
citizen,
matron, magistrate, emperor, general, workman, slave
Roman Dress
Roman Clothing
The Republic’s Military
• Who could serve in the
•
•
•
•
military?
First only patricians
served in the army
Senate turned to all
citizens including the
plebeians to serve!
What was the requirement?
Must possess land
The Punic Wars 264 -202 BCE
• Rome vs. Carthage
• Fought 3 Punic Wars
• Result: The
Mediterranean belongs
to Rome
The Rise of Julius Caesar
• Elected consul in 60 B.C.
• Accomplishments
• Conquered territories
• Gaul, Germanic tribes, &
Britain
• Seen as a military hero• Becomes dictator for life
in 45 B.C.E
Distributed
free grain
Aligned with
the solar year
Army veterans given
land
Colonies
Provided jobs
established
for
Course of
for
poor
trade
Tiber River
Built roads &altered
bridges to
connect empire
Libraries,
temples &
“All roads lead to Rome”
Forum built
Roman Empire
Established
• The 500-year republic comes to
an end.
• Civil wars were fought over the
question of who should hold
power
• The Roman senate gives
Octavian the title of Augustus
Caesar, or Exalted One; the first
citizen of Rome.
• The age of the Roman Empire
begins in 31 B.C.E
Roman Empire
• Augustus laid the foundation
for a stable government that
would function well for 200
years.
• This period was called the Pax
Romana.
• Romans were generally
tolerant of all religions
including Jews and Christians
– As long as they respected
Roman Gods and Emperors
Augustus’ Reforms
1. Created efficient civil service to enforce the
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
laws.
Opened up high-level jobs to men of talent,
regardless of race.
Allowed cities and provinces to govern
themselves.
Ordered a census, or population count, in
order to make the tax system more fair.
Set up a postal service and issued unified
monetary system of coins.
Employed the jobless.
The Empire Expands
How did the empire maintain control and
communication?
Good Emperors
• Marcus Aurelius, last good
emperor of the Pax Romana
era.
• Philosopher Emperor
• His son Commodus began
the reign of bad emperors
leading to Rome’s decline.
Two Reformers
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•
•
•
Diocletian
Divided the empire into
two parts to make it easier
to govern
Fixed prices to slow
inflation, or the rapid rise
of prices
Established laws to ensure
steady production of food
and goods
Constantine
•
•
•
Continued Diocletian’s reforms
Converted to Christianity and granted
toleration to Christians, which led to the
rapid growth of Christianity
Built a new capital at Constantinople,
making the eastern part of the empire the
center of power
Divided Roman Empire
Roman Achievements
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•
•
•
•
Technology
Developed concrete
Arches
Created aqueducts for piped water
Built an extensive road system over 50,000
miles
Engineering Wonders…
Roman Engineering
Accomplishments
Roman Roads
Colosseum & Circus Maximus
• Colosseum 80 C.E.
– Held gladiator &
animal fights
• Held 50,000 people
– Circus Maximus
– Held chariot races
– Held 250,000
– Bread and Circus
Policy
• Used to control Roman
citizens
2
The Roman Empire at Its Height
Roman power extended from Spain to
Egypt.
Divided Empire
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•
•
•
Weaker co-emperor in Rome
Best generals serve eastern emperor
No western leadership
Capital moved to Constantinople
Foreign Invasions
•A weakened Rome
could not withstand
the forces of Hun
and Germanic
invasions.
•476 CE end of the
Western Roman
empire
5
Review: The Decline
and Fall of Rome
Spread of Christianity