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New American Departure Book Primary grammar
New American departure book grammar
For Hewad students
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New American Departure Book Primary grammar
Part of speech .............................................................................................................. 4
Noun................................................................................................................................. 4
Pronoun .......................................................................................................................... 5
Verb: ................................................................................................................................ 5
Adverb: ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.
Conjunction .................................................................................................................. 6
Preposition .................................................................................................................... 6
Introjections: ................................................................................................................ 7
Article .............................................................................................................................. 7
Proper noun .................................................................................................................. 8
Common noun: ........................................................................................................... 8
3: material noun: ........................................................................................................ 8
name of a material of which different things are made, is called
“material noun”. ......................................................................................................... 8
4: abstract noun: ......................................................................................................... 9
5: collective .................................................................................................................. 9
Army ................................................................................................................................. 9
Class................................................................................................................................. 9
Pronoun has ten kinds ........................................................................................... 10
Subject: an agent which perform an action is call subject or the
doer of an action is call Subject ....................................................................... 10
Object: an agent which receives an action is call object or the
receiver of an action is call object................................................................... 10
Subject pronoun: ...................................................................................................... 10
Object pronoun: ........................................................................................................ 11
Possessive pronoun: ............................................................................................... 11
Demonstrative pronoun ........................................................................................ 11
Relative pronoun: .................................................................................................... 11
Interrogative pronoun: .......................................................................................... 12
Which one is your brother? ................................................................................ 13
In definite pronoun: ................................................................................................ 13
Reciprocal pronoun: ............................................................................................... 14
Reflexive pronoun: ................................................................................................. 14
Intensive pronoun .................................................................................................... 15
Verb has seventeen kinds .................................................................................... 15
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1: causative verbs )‫ (متعد دی فعلونه‬...................................................................... 16
1: get ............................................................................................ 16
2: have / has ................................................................................ 16
3: make ........................................................................................ 16
4: help .......................................................................................... 16
5: cause ........................................................................................ 16
Causative verb cause ................................................................... 20
Transitive verb: )‫ (متعدی‬......................................................................................... 20
Intransitive verb ....................................................................................................... 20
Transitive & intransitive verb: .......................................................................... 21
Ditransitive verb....................................................................................................... 21
Mono transitive verb .............................................................................................. 21
Complex transitive/incomplete verb .............................................................. 22
Dynamic verb/event verb .................................................................................... 23
Statvie verb ................................................................................................................. 23
Stative and dynamic verbs ......................................................................................... 24
Predicating verbs / copular verbs / linking verbs .................................... 25
Auxiliary verb ........................................................................................................... 26
Emotive verbs............................................................................................................ 28
Factual verbs .............................................................................................................. 28
1: public verbs. ......................................................................................................... 28
Adverb of frequency .............................................................................................. 29
Adverb of manner ................................................................................................... 31
Adjective has three degree: ................................................................................ 32
What is syllable: .......................................................................... 32
Tense .............................................................................................................................. 35
1: simple continuous tense ................................................................................ 35
2 : simple present tense ........................................................................................ 36
3: simple past tense ................................................................................................ 37
1 most time .................................................................................. 37
B irregular ................................................................................... 38
4: simple future tense ............................................................................................ 38
The present perfect continues tense ............................................................... 40
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New American Departure Book Primary grammar
In the name of Allah the most compassionate and
the most merciful
Grammar:
A branch of language which we study for the usage of
words in there placement is call grammar
Part of speech
Words are divided into different groups and kinds
according to their usage they are called part of speech.
There are nine parts of speeches.
1. Noun
2. Pronoun
3. Verb
4. Adjective
5. Adverb
6. Conjunction
7. Preposition
8. Introjections
9. Article
Noun
Noun is a word which is used for the name of person place
animal and things.
EX
Ali
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Kabul
Cat
Wall
Pronoun
Pronoun is word which is used instead of noun.
Example:
Ali is a boy, he is a boy
Pronoun
Bibi lives here, she lives here.
Pronoun
Ali and khan are very talented people, they are very talented
people
Pronoun.
Verb:
Verb is a word which shows an action state/condition, possession,
presence, and absence of a person or a thing
Example:
She works a lot. (Action)
Herat is beautiful city (condition)
She has a car. (Possession)
There is some milk in the glass. (Presence)
Tomorrow will be sunny. (Absence)
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Adverb
It is a word which adds something to the meaning of verb adjective
and another adverb.
He drives fast
Ad
She is very intelligent.
Ad
They run very fast.
Ad, Ad
Conjunction
Conjunction is word which joins to words to sentences and to
clauses.
Ex:
I teach English and Ali teach Arabic
I can speak fluently but Wali can't.
Preposition
It is a word which is used with noun and pronoun to show the
relation of noun or pronoun with some thing else.
There is a cow in the garden.
The book is on the table.
She is waking on high way.
He is fond of tea.
The chair is under the table.
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Introjections:
Introjections are words which show sudden felling of sorrow and
happen.
Wow what a car?
Hah
Uh
Uh huh
Article
A group of words which limit the noun is called article
Article has two kinds
Unspecific article (a/ an)
Specific article (the)
Adjective
is a word which shows the quality the quantity the kind the
number and the color of something or person
There are five kinds of noun:
 Proper noun
 Common noun
 Material noun
 Abstract noun
 Collective noun
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Proper noun
Name of particular person/ place and thing are called proper noun
(which is one and only there is no other one like the one you are
taking about)
Ex:
Afghanistan
Hewad
Ali
Kabul
Note:
We must always capitalize first letter of proper noun in each place
of sentence.
Common noun:
Name of common place or thing (which is found commonly every
where and they are many in the same nature is called common
noun)
Apple ( a common thing you can find every where)
Dog
Bread
Milk
Book
Pen
Man
3: material noun:
name of a material of which different things are made,
is called “material noun”.
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Ex:
Steel
Iron
Wood
Plastic
Gold
Capper
4: abstract noun:
name of an emotion or quality which can’t be seen and touched is
called “ abstract noun”
Ex;
Love
Power
Hatred
5: collective
noun: name of a group of persons or collection of things, is called ‘
collection noun’
Ex a team
Army
Class
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Pronoun has ten kinds
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Subject pronoun
Object pronoun (complement pronoun)
Possessive pronoun
Demonstrative pronoun
Relative pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
Intensive pronoun
Interrogative pronoun
Indefinite pronoun
Reciprocal pronoun
Subject: an agent which perform an action is call subject
or the doer of an action is call Subject
Ali is going to school now, Ali is the subject of the sentence
Object: an agent which receives an action is call object
or the receiver of an action is call object
Kalidulla is going to Logar now , logar is the object of the sentence
Subject pronoun:
Subject pronoun occurs in subject position and they perform action
as subject
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We have eight subject pronoun.
First person
I ,WE
Second person
You , you
Third person
He , She , It They
Object pronoun:
Object pronouns receive an action and occur in object position
These are object pronouns
First person
Second person
Third person
Me , us
You , you
Him , her , them , it
Possessive pronoun:
Possessive pronouns are use to show ownership of possession,
We can’t use them before noun and these are possessive pronouns
First person
Second person
Third person
Main , ours
yours , yours
His , hers , theirs , its
Demonstrative pronoun
It is used to call attention or it indicate and point out the noun and
pronoun
These are demonstrative pronouns
Singular
This
Near distance
Plural
These
Singular
Those
Far distance
Plural
That
Relative pronoun:
When we use “who”, “whom”, “which”, “whose” and “that”
between to clauses they are call relative pronoun. And they are use
to join two clauses as conjunction or connector. They are use in
different place.
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Relative pronoun
Use
Who
People
Whom
People
Which
Things
That
All nouns
Whose
All nouns
EX: the teacher who taught you is my friend.
Only those who prayed in congregation can go to the park.
The book which / that has green cover is interesting.
The young boy whom I gave an apple is my relative.
Mousa khan advised the person whose dog bite Nuqibullah
yesterday
Interrogative pronoun:
An interrogative pronoun introduces a question it is use in seeking
information or putting a question, the Examples are given below:
We use
1. Who
to ask about
subject
2. Whose:
to ask about
possessive
3. What:
to ask about
direct object
4. Whom:
to ask about
indirect object
5. When :
to ask about
time
6. Where:
to ask about
place
7. Why:
to ask about
reason
8. How:
to ask about
condition
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9. Which:
to ask about
choice
EX:
Who can organize our English grammar?
Whose course has the best teacher?
What can I tell you about my city?
Whom did they expect to invite for dinner?
When do you go to school?
Where are you studying ?
Why you didn’t come yesterday?
How is your father?
Which one is your brother?
In definite pronoun:
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t define or stand for
a particular person, place or thing, a plural verb and plural
possessive adjective are sued with these pronouns
A few
Few
Both
Nowhere
Some
Several
More
All
Either
most
EX: few were absent last week.
Neither of them was willing to check his
She would like to go somewhere on a picnic
Some of the student are lezzy.
A singular verb and singular possessive adjective must be used
with these indefinite pronoun .
Every body
Every one
Ever thing
Each
Some body
Some one
Some thing
Any body
Any one
Any thing
No body
No one
No thing
Ever
Every body took his pen.
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No body understand the lecture except Sayd Israt.
No body caught the lecture except Sayd Mahboob.
Each of the student did his work
Reciprocal pronoun:
A reciprocal pronoun accomplishes an interchange of an action, in
the other word it expresses mutual action or relation or they refer
to person, place or thing mutually affected by the action suggested
by the verb. Each other is used when two items are involved and
one an other is used when there are more than tow .
EX:
They are talking to each other.
They are talking to one an other.
The people pushed one another to meet the president
Reflexive pronoun:
It indicates that the subject is both given and receiving the action,
it usually follows the verb for singular we use “self” for plural we
use “selves: these are reflexive pronouns
First person
Second person
Third person
Myself
Ourselves
Yourself
Yourselves
Himself, herself,
itself
Themselves
EX:
They hurt themselves
Why did he burn himself?
The child dress herself
I bought this tape recorder by myself
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Intensive pronoun
An intensive pronoun is used to draw particular attention to a noun
or used for emphasis. Here the pronoun is used immediately after
the noun it refers to so as to emphasize that
Noun Intensive pronoun takes the same form as
reflexives.
Verb has seventeen kinds
1.
causative verbs
2.
transitive verbs
3.
intransitive verbs
4.
transitive and intransitive verbs
5.
Ditransitive verbs
6.
mono transitive verbs
7.
complex transitive verb /factitive
verbs
8.
dynamic verbs
9.
stative verbs
10. stative and dynamic verbs
11. verbs of perception/verbs of
sensation
12. Copular verb copula/copulas
/linking verb/predicating verbs.
13. phrasal verbs/phrase verbs/
prepositional verb
14. Auxiliary verbs.
15. hypothesis verbs
16. Emotive verbs.
17. factual verbs
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1: causative verbs )‫(متعد دی فعلونه‬
Definition: - in causative verbs, we don’t perform action directly, we
get it done indirectly by some one else.
‫تعریف‬
‫ فعل کشی مونژ خپل یو عمل مستقم نه انجام کو عمل د بل چا په‬causative ‫ په‬:
..‫وسیله غیر مستقیم سرته رسوو‬
The following are causative verbs
1: get
2: have / has
3: make
4: help
5: cause
6: let
there are two doers of action in a causative sentence, one does
the action and the second gets the action done, the one who gets
the action done is always present in the sentences and the one
who does the action is sometime present and sometime not
present when he is present the formula will be different.
“Get”
When in the causative sentence the person who gets the work
done is present and the person who does the work is not present
we use the following formula.
S+ (H.V) C.V-get+O+3V
.‫ کمکی فعلونه نظرو زمانی ته تغیر مومی‬: ‫نوت‬
She
was
getting her
car washed.
))‫(او زن موتر خود را می شیست (توسط کسی دیگر‬
I am getting my room painted.
. ‫زه خپل اطاق رنگ کوم د بل چا په وسیله‬
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He was getting his room cleaned.
) ‫هغی خپل اطاق پاک کوه (د بل چا په وسیله‬
Get
When in the “causative sentence” both person the one who gets
the work done and the one who dose the work are present we
use the following formula:
Sub + (H.V) + C.V.get + Agent+ to +1V+O+.
He gets his brother to polish his shoes.
I am getting Ali to paint my room.
He got Ahmad khan to arrange his English grammar.
He will get Aslam to clan his car
Causative verbs can be used in all the tenses and with
modal auxiliary verbs
She gets her sister to iron her clothes everyday
She is getting her sister to iron her clothes.
She got her sister to iron her clothes.
She will get her sister to iron her clothes.
2: causative verbs have/has
1: when in the “causative sentence “the person who
gets the work done, is present and the person who does
the action is not present we use this formula
S + (H.V) + C.V have/has + O+3V+.
I am having my room painted.
She is having her clothes washed.
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2: when in the “causative sentence” both the one who
gets the work done and the one who does the action are
present we use this formula.
S + (H.V) +C.V have/has +Agent +1V+O+.
I am having Ali paint my room.
.‫من اتاق راتوسط علی رنگ می کنم‬
She is having her sister wash her clothes.
‫هغه لباسونه د خور په وسیله منیحی‬
have ‫په‬has ‫ کار کرو نو‬ing ‫په پورته جمله کشی چی کله مونژ‬
‫تبدیل کیژی‬
He has Ali wash his car.
He is having Ali wash his car.
He had Ali wash his room.
He will have Ali wash his Car.
Causative verb “Make”
When in the “causative sentence” the person who
gets work done is present and the person who does
the work is not present we use this formula.
S + (H.V) +C.V.Make + O + 1V +
I am making my room paint.
She is making her cloth iron.
He makes his cloth iron every day.
He made his cloth iron yesterday.
He will make his cloth iron tomorrow.
2: when in the “causative sentence” both persons the
one who gets work done and the one who done the
work are present we use this formula.
S + (H.V) +C.V make + Agent + 1v + O +.
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A ma making Ali paints my room.
He was making him wash his car
She made him clean his room
They will make her learn her lesson
Causative verb “let”
With the causative verb let someone does not perform an
action directly; he gets it done indirectly by giving
permission for another person to do it
Note: only firs form of the verb is used with causative
verb “let”
Formula:
S + (H.V) + let + O + 1V + (O )
He lets everyone use this phone
They were letting us stay in their room
Don’t let him come in the office
Don’t let her use my car.
We didn’t let him come back.
Let him stay in my room.
The causative verb “help”
With the causative verb Help some one does not perform
an action directly; he performs it indirectly by assisting /
helping another person to do it
Formula:
S + (H.V) + C.V.Help + agent + (1V) / (to + 1V) + O
1: She was helping him get this job or = she was helping
him to get this job.
2: he always helps her do her home work = or he always
helps her to do her home work.
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3: they are helping him defeat us = they are helping him to
defeat us.
4: I will help him type this letter or = I will help him to
type this letter.
Causative verb cause
Definition: the causative verb cause mean to make some
thing happen.
Ex: she caused him to run = she made him run.
. ‫او ان مرد را به دویدن واداشت‬
I cause them to weep = I made them weep
She caused us to laugh = she made us laugh.
____________________________________________
)‫(متعدی‬Transitive verb:
Definition: transitive verb is poor of object with out object it doesn’t give
clear and complete meaning.
Ex: eat: T.V
He is eating ………………………….. (Incomplete)
He is eating an apple ………………..... (Complete)
Object
Brink: T.V
She is drinking ……………………….. (Incomplete)
She is drinking milk ………………….. (Complete)
Object
__________________________________________________________
‫ازم‬، ‫فعل الزم‬
Intransitive verb
Definition: intransitive verb is not poor of
abject; it gives clear and complete meaning
without object.
Shine:
The sun is shining.
Die:
He is dying.
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____________________________________________________________
Transitive & intransitive verb:
Definition: transitive & in transitive verb is sometime poor
of object and sometime not poor of object ( it means
sometime it give clear and complete meaning without
object, and some time it doesn’t give complete and clear
meaning without object)
Ex
Fly: t & v
The birds are flying……………………… (Complete)
He is flying …………………………… (Incomplete)
He is flying a kite ……………………… (Complete)
Object
________________________________________________________________________
Ditransitive verb
Definition: the verb which usually need a direct and
indirect object are call ditransitive verb
The
Give
show
ask
brink
send
told
teach
play
buy
sell
Note(1) indirect object usually comes before direct object.
Mono transitive verb
When we omit any of the two objects of transitive verb is
called mono transitive verb
Di –transitive verb
mono transitive verb
I was asking a question form him
I was asking
I was asking a
question
He told me.
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He told me a story
He told a story
She brought him a car
I am teaching them a grammar
She brought him.
She brought a car
I am teaching them.
Ai am teaching
grammar
Complex transitive/incomplete verb
The verbs which are following by an object and a competent are
called
Complex transitive/incomplete verbs
We made him a clown.
I consider her a modest girl.
They consider themselves intelligent people.\
I found him innocent.
We made her our enemy.
They have made her brave.
Dynamic verb /event verb
Definition: the verbs in which there is an action or event there is
usually movement of hands and legs are called dynamic verbs /
event verbs
EX
She is writing a letter
He was eating food
They were running.
He will come tomorrow.
He will help you.
She has cooked he food.
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Dynamic verb/event verb
The verbs in which there is an action or event or there is usually
movement of hands and legs are called dynamic verbs/event verbs
Ex:
She is writing a letter
He was eating food
They were running
He will come tomorrow
We will help you
She was cooking the food.
Statvie verb
Statvie verbs usually show mental feeling emotions and also state
of a person or a place or a thing. There is usually mental
involvement rather then hands and legs movement
These are stative verb
Worry
Forgive ‫بخشل‬
Want
Understand
Love
Fear
Believe
Have
Concern
Like
Hate
Dislike
Consist
Keep =continues
Expect
Care
Notice
Forget
Trust
Wish
Matter
Identify
Seem
Keep
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Mean
Realize
Remember
Note: stative verbs are usually not used in the continuous tenses .
they are use in the present or the past simple tenses to express a
continuous state
Ex
He lies her
She loves him
We hate them
She thinks a lat
not he likes her
not she does love him
not we are hating them
not she is thinking a lot
Stative and dynamic verbs
The verbs which used both as stative as dynamic are called
stative and dynamic verbs
Sit
Stand
Wear
Lie
As a dynamic verb
As a stative verb
The lion is lying under the
tree =
the lion is doing the action
of lying (the continuous
tense.
She is sitting in the car = she
is doing the action of setting
The lion is lying under the
tree. =
(the lion is in the state of
lying )
Created by
She is sitting in the care =
she is in the state of sitting
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He was wearing his shoes. =
he was doing the action of
wearing his shoes
He was standing up = he
was doing the action of
standing up
He was wearing black shoes.
= he was in state of wearing
black shoes
He was standing near the
gate = he was in the state of
standing near the gate.
)‫احساس‬، ‫(اغیزه‬Verb of perception /verb of
sensation
The verbs which are used to express the five are called of
perception or verb of sensation
Taste
Hear /listen
See/watch
Smell
Feel
Predicating verbs / copular verbs /
linking verbs
The verbs which are usually follow by an adjective or a noun as a
complement are called predicating verb / linking verbs
Look = he looks smart
Feel = I feel comfortable myself
Get = I got bored
Smell = it smells delicious
‫(بی شعور‬Become = she became unconscious (
Remain = he remained absent
Seem = they seem satisfied
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Phrasal verbs /phrase verb ‫عبارتی فعل‬، ‫(نیمکری‬
ِ/ prepositional verbs (
The verb which is usually combined with a preposition or an adverbial
Particle is called phrasal verb
Turn off
Turn on
Switch off
Switch on
Blow up
she turned of the TV / radio
he turned on the radio
the switched off the car
the switched on the car
the blew up the hotel
Note: most of the phrasal verbs can be separated by putting noun
object in between
Ex
She turned the T.V off
He turned the radio on.
They switched the care on
They blew the hotel up
Auxiliary verb
There are three kind of auxiliary verb
1: primary auxiliary verbs/helping verbs
2: modal auxiliary verbs
3: semi auxiliary verb
1: primary auxiliary verbs/helping verbs
1: the be forms (is, am, are, was, were, been, be) do, does, have,
has are called primary auxiliary or helping verbs
2: modal auxiliary verbs
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can, could, should, must, ought to, may, might, / will, shall, would,
used to, are called modal auxiliary verbs.
3: Semi auxiliary verbs
Need and dare are called semi modal auxiliary verbs.
Hypothesis verb
Hypothesis verb
Hypothesis verbs usually follow by subjunctives
Here you wish the present against the present facts
Formula:
S +wish + (that) + S + simple past tense
He wishes (that) she helped him (she doesn’t help him)
I wish that you were a doctor (you are not a doctor)
I wish that they were wise (they are note wise)
I wish that they were they were note child minded
they are
child minded
Here you wish in the present against the past facts:
S +wish +(that) +S + the past prefect tense
I wish that he had helped us
I wish that she hadn’t deceived him
I wish that we had gone to Mazar
he didn’t help us
she deceived him
we didn’t go to Mazar
Fore presence we use had been for past tens
I wish that he had been here
I wish that you had been a doctor
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he was not here
you were not a doctor
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New American Departure Book Primary grammar
Emotive verbs
These verbs follow by that clause usually with a
’should’
The clerks are protesting that salaries should be
increased.
We are demanding that they should help us.
He has intended that he should do this work first.
Factual verbs
That factual verbs are followed by that clause.
There are two kind of factual verbs:
1: public verbs
2: privet verbs
1: public verbs.
Those verbs which introduce indirect statements
are called public verbs:
The following are public verbs
(Claim, say, complain, admit, agree, deny …)
he claimed that he ahs defected them.
She says that they will not come here.
They complain that the teacher don’t come on time.
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Ali admitted that he had been misguided ‫بی الری کول‬
Privet verb
The verbs in which there is involvement of mental feelings,
states are acts are called prive verbs.
The following are prive verbs
(dould, feel, heat, know, recognize, thing, expect, belive, fear,
hope, decide, realized etc)
she doulds that he has stolen her car.
He think that she loves him.
We hope that they will help us
She fear taht we will cheat her.
We have decided that we will buy this hotel.
Adverb of frequency
Adverb of frequency tells us that how
often an action takes place.
s/n
Adverb of
frequency
Meaning
1
Always
`2
Usually
At all the
time
Generally
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100 100
75
29
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3
`
5
7
Frequently
60
85
Sometime
Some time
Occasionally Now and
30
25
60
10
0
30
Often
Rarely
Never
then
Seldom
Not at all
`
The following are called “adverb of frequency
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100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
always
usually
atften
sometimes
occasinally
rarely
never
min
mas
Adverb of manner
Definition: adverbs of manner tell us the way/manner or method
of happening something
The following are adverb of manners:
Happily
Angrily
Slowly
Quickly
Hurriedly
Note: adverb of manner can come ate the beginning of a
sentence, at the end of sentence and between the subject a
nd its main verb
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EX: he slaughtered his goat angrily.
Angrily he slaughtered his goat
He angrily slaughtered his goat.
Note some adverb of manner has one position they comes at the
end of the sentence:
Ex:
He dives fast
They play well.
Adjective has three degree:
1: positive adjective tells us the existence of quality.
2: comperlative adjective is higher degree than positive
degree, it is used between two person or things are compared.
Note: most of the comparative and superlative adjective are
formed from positive adjective according to some rules but
some are formed with out some rules.
What is syllable:
Divided unit or part of a word according to vowel sound is
called ’syllable’
3: superlative degree of adjective is the highest degree; it is used
when more than two things are compared.
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Rule No. 1: those positive adjectives which have got one
syllable and end with a consonant are made comparative
adjective by adding ’er’ and superlative by adding ’est’
Rule No. 2: positive adjectives which have got one syllable and
end with a ’e’ vowel are made comparative by adding ’r’
superlative by adding “st”
Ex:
Large, wise
Rule No. 3:those positive adjectives which have got one
syllable and end with a consonant and there is a vowel before a
consonant are made comparative by doubling the last consonant
and putting ’er’ and for superlative putting ’est’
Fit, fat, big
Rule No. 4: those positive adjectives which have got one
syllable and end with “y” and there is a consonant before y are
made comparative removing the ’y’ and putting the “ier and
superlative by putting ’iest’
Healthy, easy, heavy, greedy….
Rule No. 5:
Those positive adjectives which have got two or more
then two syllables they are made comparative by putting
’more’ or ’less’ and superlative by putting “most” or
’least’ before adjective.
Ex:
She is brave. Tall, short, small, sweet, clean, …
He is braver than her.
Nasir is the bravest of all.
He is intelligent.
She is more intelligent than sir is the bravest of all.
He is intelligent.
She is more intelligent than you.
Ali is the most intelligent in the class.
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Tense
Tense is form of verb which is showing the continuity of an
action.
1: simple continuous tense
Simple continuous tense is used for the action which is in
process in the present
( At the moment of speaking )
Positive formula:
S + (H.V) + 1V + ING + O +.
(H.V) is, am are
EX
she is working in the school .
Negative formula
S + (H.V) + NOT + 1V + INT+O +.
EX:
she is not working in the school.
Interrogative formula
:
( H.V) + S + V1 + ING + O +?
EX: Are they working in the school?
Note: there are some rules in present
continuous tense if there is verb ended by ‘e’
by
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Adding “ing” we should remove ‘e’ from the end of that verb
and if there is a verb ended by consonant and there is a vowel
letter before consonant we should double consonant except of
“w, y, x,
EX: make, making, take taking, run, running, swim, swimming,
cut, cutting, fix,
2 : simple present tense
Simple present tense is use to shows
activity natural and habitually action
daily routine every day
Affirmative formula :
S + 1V + 0 +.
Ex:
She goes to school every day
Note : in simple present tense for “ he, she , and it “ we should
add ‘s ‘ or ‘es’ at the end of verb only in positive form not in
negative or interrogative form. If the verb was end by s, x, ch, sh
, o, we use es else we use ‘s’
Ex: she works in hospital every week
He washes the clothes every year
She teaches at school every night.
It goes fast every day .
They wash the clothes every day
We teach at school every week
You go to Kabul every moth.
I work in a restaurant
Negative formula:
do, does, )
Created by
S + ( H.V ) + NOT + 1V+ O+.
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( H.V) +
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She does not work in hospital every day.
He does not work in hospital every day.
She don’s have any car for university.
3: simple past tense
Simple past tense shows an activity that started and
completed at a particular time in the past we often use
adverb of past time with it. Like yester day last week
three days ago four week ago …….
Positive formula:
S + IIV + O +.
EX
We went to Kabul yesterday.
Negative formula: S + (H.V) +NOT + V + O
(H.V) = did
EX
they didn’t come here yesterday.
Interrogative formula:
(H.V) +S + V + O.?
EX Did you go to Kabul last week?
Verbs are divided in to two groups according to their past and
past participle form.
“regular verbs” are those words that
have special rule by adding Ed at the end of verb for fast
and fast participle tense. There are a few rules.
A:
Regular verbs
1 most time we add “ed” when we change regular verbs to
past and past participle.
EX: work = worked, clean = cleaned, wash = washed,
If word is ended with “e’ just add “d”
EX receive = received, serve = severed
If a word is ended with y omit “Y” and ad ‘ied’
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Cry = cried, try = tried
But if there is a vowel before Y just add ‘ed’
If a verb is ended with consonant and there is a vowel before
consonant double consonant except of (w, X, and y)
EX: stop = stopped, fix = fixed, snow =
snowed, stay = stayed
B irregular verbs “irregular verbs are those verbs that they
don’t have any special rule
EX : say = said , write = wrote, come =
came , speak= spoke, cut = cut ,
4: simple future tense
It predict about future activity or it is used for the action that
will start and complete at particular time in the future. we often
use adverb of future tense with it like tomorrow , next week,
next month , next year, next day,
Positive formula:
S + (H.V) + V + O +.
(H.V) = will, be going to
EX I will go to town tomorrow.
For going to we use this formula.
S + be (is, am, are) + going to, V + O.
Negative formula:
S +H.V.Not+V+O.
interrogative formula
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Past continues tense
Past continues tense is used for that action which in process in a
particular time in the past.
Positive formula:
S + (H.V) + 1V + ING + O +.
(H.V) was were
EX
she was working in the school .
Negative formula
S + (H.V) + NOT + 1V + INT+O +.
EX:
she was not working in the school.
Interrogative formula
:
( H.V) + S + V1 + ING + O +?
EX: were they working in the school?
Present perfect tens
It has the following three usages.
Usage 1:
Present perfect tense is used to express an action or activity,
which happened before now at a unspecific time or times in the
past.
EX: I have met him this week
Note this morning this noon this after noon this week this
month, this year, today, yesterday , tonight , etc.
EX: I have done my homework this week. ( The day is not clear.)
`Usage 2:
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Present perfect tense is used with since and for to show an
action or activity, which began in the past continuous to the
present.
A: since is used before mention of time
B: for is used before a period of time to show duration.
EX : Shir Ali has seen many films since 2000.
Shir Ali has seen many films for 5 years
Usage 3:
Present perfect tens is use to express a repeated action which
happened at an specific time or times in the past we use this
phrases like many time, several times, once, twice, thrice,
5times , etc,
EX:Faizullah and FAiz Lli have met each other many times.
Positive formula
S + (H.V) + 3V + O +.
Negative formula
S + ( H.V) + Not + 3V + O + .
Interrogative formula
(H.V) + S + 3V + O +?
(H.V) = have /has
EX:
I have written a letter to my brother.
I have not written a letter to my brother.
Have I written a letter to my bother?
I have been in Kabul for five years.
I have spoken English from 2002.
The present perfect continues tense
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It denotes an action that started in the past and is
still continuing
Usage of the present perfect continues tense
1:
The present perfect continues tense is used for the
action which begins in the past and continues up to
the time speaking in the present:
Note: we usually mention the point and the period
of time with the help lf ’since’ and ’for’
EX:
T has been raining since morning.
They have been playing for two hours.
2:
the present prefect continues tense is used for the
action which have been happening in the past and
their signs of happing are presents in the presents at
the time lf speaking :
EX:
Someone has been wearing my shoes.
Somebody has been using my shaving cream.
Somebody has been smoking my cigarettes.
3:
the present perfect continues tense is used for
the actions which are changing or developing
or increasing continuously
ex
The price of petrol has been increasing
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Their problems have been increasing.
POSITIVE SENTENCE
H.V = have been/has been
S+ (H.V) +V-ING +O +SINCE/FOR + TIME
+E.P.O
NEGATIVE
S+ HAVE/HAS +NOT +BEEN +V-ING +O
+SINCE/FOR + TIME +E.P.O
AFFIRMATIVE
(H.V)+ S +V-ING +O +SINCE/FOR + TIME
+E.P.O
EX:
The have been playing since morning.
She has been sleeping since yesterday
They have not been playing since morning
She has not been sleeping since yesterday
Have they been playing since morning?
Has she been sleeping since morning?
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