* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Subject pronoun
Proto-Indo-European verbs wikipedia , lookup
Lithuanian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Zulu grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Malay grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ojibwe grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kagoshima verb conjugations wikipedia , lookup
Sotho verbs wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Icelandic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Dutch grammar wikipedia , lookup
New American Departure Book Primary grammar New American departure book grammar For Hewad students Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 1 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Part of speech .............................................................................................................. 4 Noun................................................................................................................................. 4 Pronoun .......................................................................................................................... 5 Verb: ................................................................................................................................ 5 Adverb: ................................................................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Conjunction .................................................................................................................. 6 Preposition .................................................................................................................... 6 Introjections: ................................................................................................................ 7 Article .............................................................................................................................. 7 Proper noun .................................................................................................................. 8 Common noun: ........................................................................................................... 8 3: material noun: ........................................................................................................ 8 name of a material of which different things are made, is called “material noun”. ......................................................................................................... 8 4: abstract noun: ......................................................................................................... 9 5: collective .................................................................................................................. 9 Army ................................................................................................................................. 9 Class................................................................................................................................. 9 Pronoun has ten kinds ........................................................................................... 10 Subject: an agent which perform an action is call subject or the doer of an action is call Subject ....................................................................... 10 Object: an agent which receives an action is call object or the receiver of an action is call object................................................................... 10 Subject pronoun: ...................................................................................................... 10 Object pronoun: ........................................................................................................ 11 Possessive pronoun: ............................................................................................... 11 Demonstrative pronoun ........................................................................................ 11 Relative pronoun: .................................................................................................... 11 Interrogative pronoun: .......................................................................................... 12 Which one is your brother? ................................................................................ 13 In definite pronoun: ................................................................................................ 13 Reciprocal pronoun: ............................................................................................... 14 Reflexive pronoun: ................................................................................................. 14 Intensive pronoun .................................................................................................... 15 Verb has seventeen kinds .................................................................................... 15 Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 2 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 1: causative verbs ) (متعد دی فعلونه...................................................................... 16 1: get ............................................................................................ 16 2: have / has ................................................................................ 16 3: make ........................................................................................ 16 4: help .......................................................................................... 16 5: cause ........................................................................................ 16 Causative verb cause ................................................................... 20 Transitive verb: ) (متعدی......................................................................................... 20 Intransitive verb ....................................................................................................... 20 Transitive & intransitive verb: .......................................................................... 21 Ditransitive verb....................................................................................................... 21 Mono transitive verb .............................................................................................. 21 Complex transitive/incomplete verb .............................................................. 22 Dynamic verb/event verb .................................................................................... 23 Statvie verb ................................................................................................................. 23 Stative and dynamic verbs ......................................................................................... 24 Predicating verbs / copular verbs / linking verbs .................................... 25 Auxiliary verb ........................................................................................................... 26 Emotive verbs............................................................................................................ 28 Factual verbs .............................................................................................................. 28 1: public verbs. ......................................................................................................... 28 Adverb of frequency .............................................................................................. 29 Adverb of manner ................................................................................................... 31 Adjective has three degree: ................................................................................ 32 What is syllable: .......................................................................... 32 Tense .............................................................................................................................. 35 1: simple continuous tense ................................................................................ 35 2 : simple present tense ........................................................................................ 36 3: simple past tense ................................................................................................ 37 1 most time .................................................................................. 37 B irregular ................................................................................... 38 4: simple future tense ............................................................................................ 38 The present perfect continues tense ............................................................... 40 Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 3 New American Departure Book Primary grammar In the name of Allah the most compassionate and the most merciful Grammar: A branch of language which we study for the usage of words in there placement is call grammar Part of speech Words are divided into different groups and kinds according to their usage they are called part of speech. There are nine parts of speeches. 1. Noun 2. Pronoun 3. Verb 4. Adjective 5. Adverb 6. Conjunction 7. Preposition 8. Introjections 9. Article Noun Noun is a word which is used for the name of person place animal and things. EX Ali Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 4 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Kabul Cat Wall Pronoun Pronoun is word which is used instead of noun. Example: Ali is a boy, he is a boy Pronoun Bibi lives here, she lives here. Pronoun Ali and khan are very talented people, they are very talented people Pronoun. Verb: Verb is a word which shows an action state/condition, possession, presence, and absence of a person or a thing Example: She works a lot. (Action) Herat is beautiful city (condition) She has a car. (Possession) There is some milk in the glass. (Presence) Tomorrow will be sunny. (Absence) Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 5 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Adverb It is a word which adds something to the meaning of verb adjective and another adverb. He drives fast Ad She is very intelligent. Ad They run very fast. Ad, Ad Conjunction Conjunction is word which joins to words to sentences and to clauses. Ex: I teach English and Ali teach Arabic I can speak fluently but Wali can't. Preposition It is a word which is used with noun and pronoun to show the relation of noun or pronoun with some thing else. There is a cow in the garden. The book is on the table. She is waking on high way. He is fond of tea. The chair is under the table. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 6 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Introjections: Introjections are words which show sudden felling of sorrow and happen. Wow what a car? Hah Uh Uh huh Article A group of words which limit the noun is called article Article has two kinds Unspecific article (a/ an) Specific article (the) Adjective is a word which shows the quality the quantity the kind the number and the color of something or person There are five kinds of noun: Proper noun Common noun Material noun Abstract noun Collective noun Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 7 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Proper noun Name of particular person/ place and thing are called proper noun (which is one and only there is no other one like the one you are taking about) Ex: Afghanistan Hewad Ali Kabul Note: We must always capitalize first letter of proper noun in each place of sentence. Common noun: Name of common place or thing (which is found commonly every where and they are many in the same nature is called common noun) Apple ( a common thing you can find every where) Dog Bread Milk Book Pen Man 3: material noun: name of a material of which different things are made, is called “material noun”. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 8 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Ex: Steel Iron Wood Plastic Gold Capper 4: abstract noun: name of an emotion or quality which can’t be seen and touched is called “ abstract noun” Ex; Love Power Hatred 5: collective noun: name of a group of persons or collection of things, is called ‘ collection noun’ Ex a team Army Class Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 9 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Pronoun has ten kinds 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) 9) 10) Subject pronoun Object pronoun (complement pronoun) Possessive pronoun Demonstrative pronoun Relative pronoun Reflexive pronoun Intensive pronoun Interrogative pronoun Indefinite pronoun Reciprocal pronoun Subject: an agent which perform an action is call subject or the doer of an action is call Subject Ali is going to school now, Ali is the subject of the sentence Object: an agent which receives an action is call object or the receiver of an action is call object Kalidulla is going to Logar now , logar is the object of the sentence Subject pronoun: Subject pronoun occurs in subject position and they perform action as subject Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 10 New American Departure Book Primary grammar We have eight subject pronoun. First person I ,WE Second person You , you Third person He , She , It They Object pronoun: Object pronouns receive an action and occur in object position These are object pronouns First person Second person Third person Me , us You , you Him , her , them , it Possessive pronoun: Possessive pronouns are use to show ownership of possession, We can’t use them before noun and these are possessive pronouns First person Second person Third person Main , ours yours , yours His , hers , theirs , its Demonstrative pronoun It is used to call attention or it indicate and point out the noun and pronoun These are demonstrative pronouns Singular This Near distance Plural These Singular Those Far distance Plural That Relative pronoun: When we use “who”, “whom”, “which”, “whose” and “that” between to clauses they are call relative pronoun. And they are use to join two clauses as conjunction or connector. They are use in different place. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 11 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Relative pronoun Use Who People Whom People Which Things That All nouns Whose All nouns EX: the teacher who taught you is my friend. Only those who prayed in congregation can go to the park. The book which / that has green cover is interesting. The young boy whom I gave an apple is my relative. Mousa khan advised the person whose dog bite Nuqibullah yesterday Interrogative pronoun: An interrogative pronoun introduces a question it is use in seeking information or putting a question, the Examples are given below: We use 1. Who to ask about subject 2. Whose: to ask about possessive 3. What: to ask about direct object 4. Whom: to ask about indirect object 5. When : to ask about time 6. Where: to ask about place 7. Why: to ask about reason 8. How: to ask about condition Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 12 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 9. Which: to ask about choice EX: Who can organize our English grammar? Whose course has the best teacher? What can I tell you about my city? Whom did they expect to invite for dinner? When do you go to school? Where are you studying ? Why you didn’t come yesterday? How is your father? Which one is your brother? In definite pronoun: An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that doesn’t define or stand for a particular person, place or thing, a plural verb and plural possessive adjective are sued with these pronouns A few Few Both Nowhere Some Several More All Either most EX: few were absent last week. Neither of them was willing to check his She would like to go somewhere on a picnic Some of the student are lezzy. A singular verb and singular possessive adjective must be used with these indefinite pronoun . Every body Every one Ever thing Each Some body Some one Some thing Any body Any one Any thing No body No one No thing Ever Every body took his pen. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 13 New American Departure Book Primary grammar No body understand the lecture except Sayd Israt. No body caught the lecture except Sayd Mahboob. Each of the student did his work Reciprocal pronoun: A reciprocal pronoun accomplishes an interchange of an action, in the other word it expresses mutual action or relation or they refer to person, place or thing mutually affected by the action suggested by the verb. Each other is used when two items are involved and one an other is used when there are more than tow . EX: They are talking to each other. They are talking to one an other. The people pushed one another to meet the president Reflexive pronoun: It indicates that the subject is both given and receiving the action, it usually follows the verb for singular we use “self” for plural we use “selves: these are reflexive pronouns First person Second person Third person Myself Ourselves Yourself Yourselves Himself, herself, itself Themselves EX: They hurt themselves Why did he burn himself? The child dress herself I bought this tape recorder by myself Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 14 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Intensive pronoun An intensive pronoun is used to draw particular attention to a noun or used for emphasis. Here the pronoun is used immediately after the noun it refers to so as to emphasize that Noun Intensive pronoun takes the same form as reflexives. Verb has seventeen kinds 1. causative verbs 2. transitive verbs 3. intransitive verbs 4. transitive and intransitive verbs 5. Ditransitive verbs 6. mono transitive verbs 7. complex transitive verb /factitive verbs 8. dynamic verbs 9. stative verbs 10. stative and dynamic verbs 11. verbs of perception/verbs of sensation 12. Copular verb copula/copulas /linking verb/predicating verbs. 13. phrasal verbs/phrase verbs/ prepositional verb 14. Auxiliary verbs. 15. hypothesis verbs 16. Emotive verbs. 17. factual verbs Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 15 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 1: causative verbs )(متعد دی فعلونه Definition: - in causative verbs, we don’t perform action directly, we get it done indirectly by some one else. تعریف فعل کشی مونژ خپل یو عمل مستقم نه انجام کو عمل د بل چا پهcausative په: ..وسیله غیر مستقیم سرته رسوو The following are causative verbs 1: get 2: have / has 3: make 4: help 5: cause 6: let there are two doers of action in a causative sentence, one does the action and the second gets the action done, the one who gets the action done is always present in the sentences and the one who does the action is sometime present and sometime not present when he is present the formula will be different. “Get” When in the causative sentence the person who gets the work done is present and the person who does the work is not present we use the following formula. S+ (H.V) C.V-get+O+3V . کمکی فعلونه نظرو زمانی ته تغیر مومی: نوت She was getting her car washed. ))(او زن موتر خود را می شیست (توسط کسی دیگر I am getting my room painted. . زه خپل اطاق رنگ کوم د بل چا په وسیله Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 16 New American Departure Book Primary grammar He was getting his room cleaned. ) هغی خپل اطاق پاک کوه (د بل چا په وسیله Get When in the “causative sentence” both person the one who gets the work done and the one who dose the work are present we use the following formula: Sub + (H.V) + C.V.get + Agent+ to +1V+O+. He gets his brother to polish his shoes. I am getting Ali to paint my room. He got Ahmad khan to arrange his English grammar. He will get Aslam to clan his car Causative verbs can be used in all the tenses and with modal auxiliary verbs She gets her sister to iron her clothes everyday She is getting her sister to iron her clothes. She got her sister to iron her clothes. She will get her sister to iron her clothes. 2: causative verbs have/has 1: when in the “causative sentence “the person who gets the work done, is present and the person who does the action is not present we use this formula S + (H.V) + C.V have/has + O+3V+. I am having my room painted. She is having her clothes washed. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 17 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 2: when in the “causative sentence” both the one who gets the work done and the one who does the action are present we use this formula. S + (H.V) +C.V have/has +Agent +1V+O+. I am having Ali paint my room. .من اتاق راتوسط علی رنگ می کنم She is having her sister wash her clothes. هغه لباسونه د خور په وسیله منیحی have پهhas کار کرو نوing په پورته جمله کشی چی کله مونژ تبدیل کیژی He has Ali wash his car. He is having Ali wash his car. He had Ali wash his room. He will have Ali wash his Car. Causative verb “Make” When in the “causative sentence” the person who gets work done is present and the person who does the work is not present we use this formula. S + (H.V) +C.V.Make + O + 1V + I am making my room paint. She is making her cloth iron. He makes his cloth iron every day. He made his cloth iron yesterday. He will make his cloth iron tomorrow. 2: when in the “causative sentence” both persons the one who gets work done and the one who done the work are present we use this formula. S + (H.V) +C.V make + Agent + 1v + O +. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 18 New American Departure Book Primary grammar A ma making Ali paints my room. He was making him wash his car She made him clean his room They will make her learn her lesson Causative verb “let” With the causative verb let someone does not perform an action directly; he gets it done indirectly by giving permission for another person to do it Note: only firs form of the verb is used with causative verb “let” Formula: S + (H.V) + let + O + 1V + (O ) He lets everyone use this phone They were letting us stay in their room Don’t let him come in the office Don’t let her use my car. We didn’t let him come back. Let him stay in my room. The causative verb “help” With the causative verb Help some one does not perform an action directly; he performs it indirectly by assisting / helping another person to do it Formula: S + (H.V) + C.V.Help + agent + (1V) / (to + 1V) + O 1: She was helping him get this job or = she was helping him to get this job. 2: he always helps her do her home work = or he always helps her to do her home work. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 19 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 3: they are helping him defeat us = they are helping him to defeat us. 4: I will help him type this letter or = I will help him to type this letter. Causative verb cause Definition: the causative verb cause mean to make some thing happen. Ex: she caused him to run = she made him run. . او ان مرد را به دویدن واداشت I cause them to weep = I made them weep She caused us to laugh = she made us laugh. ____________________________________________ )(متعدیTransitive verb: Definition: transitive verb is poor of object with out object it doesn’t give clear and complete meaning. Ex: eat: T.V He is eating ………………………….. (Incomplete) He is eating an apple ………………..... (Complete) Object Brink: T.V She is drinking ……………………….. (Incomplete) She is drinking milk ………………….. (Complete) Object __________________________________________________________ ازم، فعل الزم Intransitive verb Definition: intransitive verb is not poor of abject; it gives clear and complete meaning without object. Shine: The sun is shining. Die: He is dying. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 20 New American Departure Book Primary grammar ____________________________________________________________ Transitive & intransitive verb: Definition: transitive & in transitive verb is sometime poor of object and sometime not poor of object ( it means sometime it give clear and complete meaning without object, and some time it doesn’t give complete and clear meaning without object) Ex Fly: t & v The birds are flying……………………… (Complete) He is flying …………………………… (Incomplete) He is flying a kite ……………………… (Complete) Object ________________________________________________________________________ Ditransitive verb Definition: the verb which usually need a direct and indirect object are call ditransitive verb The Give show ask brink send told teach play buy sell Note(1) indirect object usually comes before direct object. Mono transitive verb When we omit any of the two objects of transitive verb is called mono transitive verb Di –transitive verb mono transitive verb I was asking a question form him I was asking I was asking a question He told me. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 21 New American Departure Book Primary grammar He told me a story He told a story She brought him a car I am teaching them a grammar She brought him. She brought a car I am teaching them. Ai am teaching grammar Complex transitive/incomplete verb The verbs which are following by an object and a competent are called Complex transitive/incomplete verbs We made him a clown. I consider her a modest girl. They consider themselves intelligent people.\ I found him innocent. We made her our enemy. They have made her brave. Dynamic verb /event verb Definition: the verbs in which there is an action or event there is usually movement of hands and legs are called dynamic verbs / event verbs EX She is writing a letter He was eating food They were running. He will come tomorrow. He will help you. She has cooked he food. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 22 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Dynamic verb/event verb The verbs in which there is an action or event or there is usually movement of hands and legs are called dynamic verbs/event verbs Ex: She is writing a letter He was eating food They were running He will come tomorrow We will help you She was cooking the food. Statvie verb Statvie verbs usually show mental feeling emotions and also state of a person or a place or a thing. There is usually mental involvement rather then hands and legs movement These are stative verb Worry Forgive بخشل Want Understand Love Fear Believe Have Concern Like Hate Dislike Consist Keep =continues Expect Care Notice Forget Trust Wish Matter Identify Seem Keep Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 23 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Mean Realize Remember Note: stative verbs are usually not used in the continuous tenses . they are use in the present or the past simple tenses to express a continuous state Ex He lies her She loves him We hate them She thinks a lat not he likes her not she does love him not we are hating them not she is thinking a lot Stative and dynamic verbs The verbs which used both as stative as dynamic are called stative and dynamic verbs Sit Stand Wear Lie As a dynamic verb As a stative verb The lion is lying under the tree = the lion is doing the action of lying (the continuous tense. She is sitting in the car = she is doing the action of setting The lion is lying under the tree. = (the lion is in the state of lying ) Created by She is sitting in the care = she is in the state of sitting M.Bashir “zafari” 24 New American Departure Book Primary grammar He was wearing his shoes. = he was doing the action of wearing his shoes He was standing up = he was doing the action of standing up He was wearing black shoes. = he was in state of wearing black shoes He was standing near the gate = he was in the state of standing near the gate. )احساس، (اغیزهVerb of perception /verb of sensation The verbs which are used to express the five are called of perception or verb of sensation Taste Hear /listen See/watch Smell Feel Predicating verbs / copular verbs / linking verbs The verbs which are usually follow by an adjective or a noun as a complement are called predicating verb / linking verbs Look = he looks smart Feel = I feel comfortable myself Get = I got bored Smell = it smells delicious (بی شعورBecome = she became unconscious ( Remain = he remained absent Seem = they seem satisfied Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 25 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Phrasal verbs /phrase verb عبارتی فعل، (نیمکری ِ/ prepositional verbs ( The verb which is usually combined with a preposition or an adverbial Particle is called phrasal verb Turn off Turn on Switch off Switch on Blow up she turned of the TV / radio he turned on the radio the switched off the car the switched on the car the blew up the hotel Note: most of the phrasal verbs can be separated by putting noun object in between Ex She turned the T.V off He turned the radio on. They switched the care on They blew the hotel up Auxiliary verb There are three kind of auxiliary verb 1: primary auxiliary verbs/helping verbs 2: modal auxiliary verbs 3: semi auxiliary verb 1: primary auxiliary verbs/helping verbs 1: the be forms (is, am, are, was, were, been, be) do, does, have, has are called primary auxiliary or helping verbs 2: modal auxiliary verbs Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 26 New American Departure Book Primary grammar can, could, should, must, ought to, may, might, / will, shall, would, used to, are called modal auxiliary verbs. 3: Semi auxiliary verbs Need and dare are called semi modal auxiliary verbs. Hypothesis verb Hypothesis verb Hypothesis verbs usually follow by subjunctives Here you wish the present against the present facts Formula: S +wish + (that) + S + simple past tense He wishes (that) she helped him (she doesn’t help him) I wish that you were a doctor (you are not a doctor) I wish that they were wise (they are note wise) I wish that they were they were note child minded they are child minded Here you wish in the present against the past facts: S +wish +(that) +S + the past prefect tense I wish that he had helped us I wish that she hadn’t deceived him I wish that we had gone to Mazar he didn’t help us she deceived him we didn’t go to Mazar Fore presence we use had been for past tens I wish that he had been here I wish that you had been a doctor Created by M.Bashir “zafari” he was not here you were not a doctor 27 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Emotive verbs These verbs follow by that clause usually with a ’should’ The clerks are protesting that salaries should be increased. We are demanding that they should help us. He has intended that he should do this work first. Factual verbs That factual verbs are followed by that clause. There are two kind of factual verbs: 1: public verbs 2: privet verbs 1: public verbs. Those verbs which introduce indirect statements are called public verbs: The following are public verbs (Claim, say, complain, admit, agree, deny …) he claimed that he ahs defected them. She says that they will not come here. They complain that the teacher don’t come on time. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 28 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Ali admitted that he had been misguided بی الری کول Privet verb The verbs in which there is involvement of mental feelings, states are acts are called prive verbs. The following are prive verbs (dould, feel, heat, know, recognize, thing, expect, belive, fear, hope, decide, realized etc) she doulds that he has stolen her car. He think that she loves him. We hope that they will help us She fear taht we will cheat her. We have decided that we will buy this hotel. Adverb of frequency Adverb of frequency tells us that how often an action takes place. s/n Adverb of frequency Meaning 1 Always `2 Usually At all the time Generally Created by M.Bashir “zafari” Graph Min Mas 100 100 75 29 90 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 3 ` 5 7 Frequently 60 85 Sometime Some time Occasionally Now and 30 25 60 10 0 30 Often Rarely Never then Seldom Not at all ` The following are called “adverb of frequency Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 30 45 0 New American Departure Book Primary grammar 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 always usually atften sometimes occasinally rarely never min mas Adverb of manner Definition: adverbs of manner tell us the way/manner or method of happening something The following are adverb of manners: Happily Angrily Slowly Quickly Hurriedly Note: adverb of manner can come ate the beginning of a sentence, at the end of sentence and between the subject a nd its main verb Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 31 New American Departure Book Primary grammar EX: he slaughtered his goat angrily. Angrily he slaughtered his goat He angrily slaughtered his goat. Note some adverb of manner has one position they comes at the end of the sentence: Ex: He dives fast They play well. Adjective has three degree: 1: positive adjective tells us the existence of quality. 2: comperlative adjective is higher degree than positive degree, it is used between two person or things are compared. Note: most of the comparative and superlative adjective are formed from positive adjective according to some rules but some are formed with out some rules. What is syllable: Divided unit or part of a word according to vowel sound is called ’syllable’ 3: superlative degree of adjective is the highest degree; it is used when more than two things are compared. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 32 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Rule No. 1: those positive adjectives which have got one syllable and end with a consonant are made comparative adjective by adding ’er’ and superlative by adding ’est’ Rule No. 2: positive adjectives which have got one syllable and end with a ’e’ vowel are made comparative by adding ’r’ superlative by adding “st” Ex: Large, wise Rule No. 3:those positive adjectives which have got one syllable and end with a consonant and there is a vowel before a consonant are made comparative by doubling the last consonant and putting ’er’ and for superlative putting ’est’ Fit, fat, big Rule No. 4: those positive adjectives which have got one syllable and end with “y” and there is a consonant before y are made comparative removing the ’y’ and putting the “ier and superlative by putting ’iest’ Healthy, easy, heavy, greedy…. Rule No. 5: Those positive adjectives which have got two or more then two syllables they are made comparative by putting ’more’ or ’less’ and superlative by putting “most” or ’least’ before adjective. Ex: She is brave. Tall, short, small, sweet, clean, … He is braver than her. Nasir is the bravest of all. He is intelligent. She is more intelligent than sir is the bravest of all. He is intelligent. She is more intelligent than you. Ali is the most intelligent in the class. Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 33 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 34 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Tense Tense is form of verb which is showing the continuity of an action. 1: simple continuous tense Simple continuous tense is used for the action which is in process in the present ( At the moment of speaking ) Positive formula: S + (H.V) + 1V + ING + O +. (H.V) is, am are EX she is working in the school . Negative formula S + (H.V) + NOT + 1V + INT+O +. EX: she is not working in the school. Interrogative formula : ( H.V) + S + V1 + ING + O +? EX: Are they working in the school? Note: there are some rules in present continuous tense if there is verb ended by ‘e’ by Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 35 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Adding “ing” we should remove ‘e’ from the end of that verb and if there is a verb ended by consonant and there is a vowel letter before consonant we should double consonant except of “w, y, x, EX: make, making, take taking, run, running, swim, swimming, cut, cutting, fix, 2 : simple present tense Simple present tense is use to shows activity natural and habitually action daily routine every day Affirmative formula : S + 1V + 0 +. Ex: She goes to school every day Note : in simple present tense for “ he, she , and it “ we should add ‘s ‘ or ‘es’ at the end of verb only in positive form not in negative or interrogative form. If the verb was end by s, x, ch, sh , o, we use es else we use ‘s’ Ex: she works in hospital every week He washes the clothes every year She teaches at school every night. It goes fast every day . They wash the clothes every day We teach at school every week You go to Kabul every moth. I work in a restaurant Negative formula: do, does, ) Created by S + ( H.V ) + NOT + 1V+ O+. M.Bashir “zafari” ( H.V) + 36 New American Departure Book Primary grammar She does not work in hospital every day. He does not work in hospital every day. She don’s have any car for university. 3: simple past tense Simple past tense shows an activity that started and completed at a particular time in the past we often use adverb of past time with it. Like yester day last week three days ago four week ago ……. Positive formula: S + IIV + O +. EX We went to Kabul yesterday. Negative formula: S + (H.V) +NOT + V + O (H.V) = did EX they didn’t come here yesterday. Interrogative formula: (H.V) +S + V + O.? EX Did you go to Kabul last week? Verbs are divided in to two groups according to their past and past participle form. “regular verbs” are those words that have special rule by adding Ed at the end of verb for fast and fast participle tense. There are a few rules. A: Regular verbs 1 most time we add “ed” when we change regular verbs to past and past participle. EX: work = worked, clean = cleaned, wash = washed, If word is ended with “e’ just add “d” EX receive = received, serve = severed If a word is ended with y omit “Y” and ad ‘ied’ Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 37 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Cry = cried, try = tried But if there is a vowel before Y just add ‘ed’ If a verb is ended with consonant and there is a vowel before consonant double consonant except of (w, X, and y) EX: stop = stopped, fix = fixed, snow = snowed, stay = stayed B irregular verbs “irregular verbs are those verbs that they don’t have any special rule EX : say = said , write = wrote, come = came , speak= spoke, cut = cut , 4: simple future tense It predict about future activity or it is used for the action that will start and complete at particular time in the future. we often use adverb of future tense with it like tomorrow , next week, next month , next year, next day, Positive formula: S + (H.V) + V + O +. (H.V) = will, be going to EX I will go to town tomorrow. For going to we use this formula. S + be (is, am, are) + going to, V + O. Negative formula: S +H.V.Not+V+O. interrogative formula Created by (H.V) +S + V + O +. M.Bashir “zafari” 38 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Past continues tense Past continues tense is used for that action which in process in a particular time in the past. Positive formula: S + (H.V) + 1V + ING + O +. (H.V) was were EX she was working in the school . Negative formula S + (H.V) + NOT + 1V + INT+O +. EX: she was not working in the school. Interrogative formula : ( H.V) + S + V1 + ING + O +? EX: were they working in the school? Present perfect tens It has the following three usages. Usage 1: Present perfect tense is used to express an action or activity, which happened before now at a unspecific time or times in the past. EX: I have met him this week Note this morning this noon this after noon this week this month, this year, today, yesterday , tonight , etc. EX: I have done my homework this week. ( The day is not clear.) `Usage 2: Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 39 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Present perfect tense is used with since and for to show an action or activity, which began in the past continuous to the present. A: since is used before mention of time B: for is used before a period of time to show duration. EX : Shir Ali has seen many films since 2000. Shir Ali has seen many films for 5 years Usage 3: Present perfect tens is use to express a repeated action which happened at an specific time or times in the past we use this phrases like many time, several times, once, twice, thrice, 5times , etc, EX:Faizullah and FAiz Lli have met each other many times. Positive formula S + (H.V) + 3V + O +. Negative formula S + ( H.V) + Not + 3V + O + . Interrogative formula (H.V) + S + 3V + O +? (H.V) = have /has EX: I have written a letter to my brother. I have not written a letter to my brother. Have I written a letter to my bother? I have been in Kabul for five years. I have spoken English from 2002. The present perfect continues tense Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 40 New American Departure Book Primary grammar It denotes an action that started in the past and is still continuing Usage of the present perfect continues tense 1: The present perfect continues tense is used for the action which begins in the past and continues up to the time speaking in the present: Note: we usually mention the point and the period of time with the help lf ’since’ and ’for’ EX: T has been raining since morning. They have been playing for two hours. 2: the present prefect continues tense is used for the action which have been happening in the past and their signs of happing are presents in the presents at the time lf speaking : EX: Someone has been wearing my shoes. Somebody has been using my shaving cream. Somebody has been smoking my cigarettes. 3: the present perfect continues tense is used for the actions which are changing or developing or increasing continuously ex The price of petrol has been increasing Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 41 New American Departure Book Primary grammar Their problems have been increasing. POSITIVE SENTENCE H.V = have been/has been S+ (H.V) +V-ING +O +SINCE/FOR + TIME +E.P.O NEGATIVE S+ HAVE/HAS +NOT +BEEN +V-ING +O +SINCE/FOR + TIME +E.P.O AFFIRMATIVE (H.V)+ S +V-ING +O +SINCE/FOR + TIME +E.P.O EX: The have been playing since morning. She has been sleeping since yesterday They have not been playing since morning She has not been sleeping since yesterday Have they been playing since morning? Has she been sleeping since morning? Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 42 New American Departure Book Primary grammar End Created by M.Bashir “zafari” 43