Download Titan Tutoring for Biology

Titan Tutoring for Biology
4th Quarter Topics
Kingdoms Included
Membrane-bound Organelles
“True” Nucleus
DNA
Size/Complexity
Cells
Plasma Membrane
Ribosome
Prokaryotes
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
No
No
Single-stranded
Small ; simple
Unicellular
Yes
Yes (but smaller)
Eukaryotes
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Yes
Yes
Double-stranded
Larger ; more complex
Some unicellular; most multicellular
Yes
Yes (larger)
Prokaryotic Kingdoms:
1) Archaebacteria (“ancient prokaryotes”)
 most are heterotrophic; some are chemoautotrophic
 mostly anaerobic (methanogens, sulfur-bacteria, etc.)
 often live in extreme, harsh environments (thermophiles, acidophiles, salinophiles, etc.)
2) Eubacteria (modern/common prokaryotes)
 mostly heterotrophic; many are autotrophic
 most are helpful (produce vitamins, foods, resistance to diseases, etc.)
 some are pathogenic or opportunistic (strep throat, pneumonia, salmonella, etc.)
Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
1) Kingdom Protista
 mostly unicellular, some multicellular
 mostly asexual reproduction
Classified based on way they obtain their nutrients:
1) animal-like = heterotrophs = protozoans
2) plant-like = autotrophs = algae
3) fungi-like = saprophytes
Eye
Spot
Amoeba
Paramecium
Euglena
2) Kingdom Fungi
 all are saprophytic heterotrophs; most are decomposers
 can be unicellular or multicellular (but do not move at any point in their lives)
 cell wall made of chitin
 includes mushrooms, molds, & mildews
3) Kingdom Plantae
 multicellular, photosynthetic autotrophs
 cell wall made of cellulose
Nonvascular Plants
vs.
Vascular plants
Examples –
mosses
conifers & flowering plants
Reproduction –
spores (must have water)
seeds for all except ferns (spores)
Transport –
diffusion & osmosis
vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Gymnosperms
vs.
Angiosperms
Seeds –
“naked” seeds
seed enclosed within a fruit
Variations –
male & female cones
monocots & dicots
Type of plants –
conifers
all flowering plants
Structural adaptations of plants (to life on land):
a) vascular system (water & nutrient transport)
d) seeds & fruits (protection & dispersal)
b) flowers (attract pollinators)
e) cuticle (prevent water loss)
c) stomata (gas exchange & regulation)
f) roots (absorption, anchorage, transport)
4) Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs ; cells lack cell walls
Structural adaptations of animals:
Insecta
a) jointed appendages
d) exoskeleton (made of chitin) – support & protection
b) mandibles for chewing
e) compound eyes
c) spiracles for respiration
f) segmented body (head, thorax, abdomen)
Annelida
a) closed circulatory system
e) body cavity for complex organs
b) simple brain
f) nephridia to excrete metabolic wastes
c) segmented body
g) complete internal digestive tract
d) respire through skin
h) sexual reproduction, but are hermaphrodites
Amphibian
a) 3-chambered heart
e) ectothermic (can’t regulate body temp. internally)
b) respire through lungs & skin
f) endoskeleton; vertebrate
c) closed circulatory system
g) aquatic and terrestrial life cycle stages
d) undergo metamorphosis
h) fertilization is external (must occur in water)
Mammalian
a) hair
e) all capable of learning
b) mammary glands (nurse young)
f) specialized teeth/jawbone for diet
c) endothermic
d) 4-chambere heart
(herbivore, carnivore, omnivore)
g) placental = live births (fully developed in uterus)
marsupials = emerge premature & finish developing in pouch
monotremes = lay eggs
Animal Behaviors:
Innate Behavior
a) instincts (suckling, doggie paddling)
e) hibernation and estivation
b) reflexes (babinski reflex)
f) courtship behavior
c) taxis (movement toward a stimulus)
g) “fight-or-flight” response
d) migration (birds, caribou)
h) dominance heirarchies and aggression
Learned Behavior
a) habituation (hum of lights)
c) trial-and-error learning
b) imprinting (ducks following “momma”)
d) conditioning (classical vs. operant)
Social Behavior
a) pheromones – communication via scents
- bees and ants use pheromones to communicate in organized social structures
- animals (e.g. dogs) mark their territory with pheromones
b) courtship dances and/or songs
c) defense of territory (resources)
Coevolution = Evolution between unrelated species.
e.g. pollinators & angiosperms (flowers bright and fragrant; honeybee has mouthparts for reaching nectar;
bee transports pollen from anther on one flower to stigma on another; also = mutualism)
Pathogens = Disease causing agent (e.g. bacteria and viruses).
Viruses considered nonliving – not a cell(s), no life functions (respiration, growth, development, etc.)
Virus Structure – capsid, nucleic acid, envelope, etc.; know bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria)
Difference between lytic (active) & lysogenic (provirus) cycles
Common Viral Examples: HIV (leads to AIDS) – a retrovirus, influenza, smallpox (has been eradicated)
-
viruses can mutate, so that new strains emerge (regularly); think of how the flue changes
every year or so
Genetics and the Environment:
Sickle-cell Anemia
 A genetically inherited disease that distorts the red blood cells and prevents hemoglobin from
functioning (properly).
 Having the sickle cell trait prevents malaria.
 Malaria is caused by the parasitic protist plasmodium. It is transmitted through a mosquito vector
where it lives part of its life cycle.
Cancer – uncontrolled cell division/growth (problem with mitosis)
 Caused by certain genetic predisposition, as well as environmental influences (such as tobacco use)
Skin Cancer – UV rays and genetic predisposition.
Vitamin D may help prevent some cancers.
Folic acid helps aid in cell division and may help prevent some cancers.
Diabetes
 Problem with pancreas secreting insulin. Insulin helps regulate blood sugar homeostasis.
 Caused by a genetic predisposition and the environment (diet) – type 1 vs. type 2
PKU (phenylketonuria)
 Autosomal recessive trait where the body can’t process an amino acid (phenylalanine)
Immune Response:
Killer T-cells – recognize antigens (foreign protein that prompts) from pathogens and kill the cells directly
Helper T-cells – help B-cells turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Memory T-cells – help the immune system respond quickly to a repeat pathogen (antibody already made)
1) Passive Immunity – given antibodies from another source (antibiotics)
2) Active Immunity – the bodies own immune system actively producing the antibodies
Vaccine – a dead/inactive or weakened virus that prompts an immune response
Toxins
Mercury poisoning – Bioaccumulation (biomagnification) in fish can make them toxic and lead to
disease if consumed. Higher on food chain affected most.
Lead poisoning – Can cause brain damage (previously in all paints; now mostly only industrial paints)
Titan Tutoring for Biology
4th Quarter Topics
Kingdoms Included
Membrane-bound Organelles
“True” Nucleus
DNA
Size/Complexity
Cells
Plasma Membrane
Ribosome
Prokaryotes
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria
No
No
Single-stranded
Small ; simple
Unicellular
Yes
Yes (but smaller)
Eukaryotes
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia
Yes
Yes
Double-stranded
Larger ; more complex
Some unicellular; most multicellular
Yes
Yes (larger)
Prokaryotic Kingdoms:
1) Archaebacteria (“ancient prokaryotes”)
 most are __________________________; some are chemoautotrophic
 mostly ______________________ (methanogens, sulfur-bacteria, etc.)
 often live in extreme, harsh environments (thermophiles, acidophiles, salinophiles, etc.)
2) Eubacteria (modern/common prokaryotes)
 mostly heterotrophic; many are autotrophic
 most are helpful (produce ________________, ____________, resistance to diseases, etc.)
 some are _______________________ or opportunistic (strep throat, pneumonia, salmonella, etc.)
Eukaryotic Kingdoms:
2) Kingdom Protista
 mostly ______________________, some multicellular
 mostly ____________________ reproduction
Classified based on way they obtain their nutrients:
4) animal-like = heterotrophs = __________________________
5) plant-like = autotrophs = _________________
6) fungi-like = ___________________________
Eye
Spot
________________
________________________
___________________
2) Kingdom Fungi
 all are ____________________________________________; most are decomposers
 can be unicellular or multicellular (but do not move at any point in their lives)
 cell wall made of ________________
 includes ______________________, molds, & mildews
3) Kingdom Plantae
 multicellular, ______________________________________________
 cell wall made of _______________________
Nonvascular Plants
vs.
Vascular plants
Examples –
_________________
____________________________________
Reproduction –
__________ (must have water)
___________ for all except ferns (spores)
Transport –
diffusion & osmosis
vascular tissue (xylem & phloem)
Gymnosperms
vs.
Angiosperms
Seeds –
“naked” seeds
seed enclosed within a __________
Variations –
male & female _________
monocots & dicots
Type of plants –
________________
_________________________________
Structural adaptations of plants (to life on land):
a) vascular system (_________________________) d) seeds & fruits (protection & dispersal)
b) flowers (____________________________)
e) cuticle (prevent ____________________)
c) stomata (_____________________ & regulation) f) roots (absorption, anchorage, transport)
4) Kingdom Animalia – multicellular heterotrophs ; cells lack cell walls
Structural adaptations of animals:
Insecta
a) jointed appendages
d) __________________ (made of chitin) – support & protection
b) mandibles for chewing
e) compound eyes
c) ________________ for respiration f) __________________________ (head, thorax, abdomen)
Annelida
a) ____________ circulatory system
e) body cavity for complex organs
b) simple brain
f) __________________ to excrete metabolic wastes
c) ___________________ body
g) _________________ internal digestive tract
d) respire through their __________
h) ____________ reproduction, but are hermaphrodites
Amphibian
a) ____________________________ e) ___________________ (can’t regulate body temp. internally)
b) respire through _______________ f) endoskeleton; vertebrate
c) ____________ circulatory system
g) aquatic and terrestrial life cycle stages
d) undergo ____________________
h) fertilization is ________________ (must occur in water)
Mammalian
a) ___________
e) all capable of learning
b) mammary glands (nurse young)
f) specialized teeth/jawbone for diet
c) ______________________
d) ___________________________
(herbivore, carnivore, omnivore)
g) ___________________ = live births (fully developed in uterus)
___________________ = emerge premature & finish
developing in pouch
___________________ = lay eggs
Animal Behaviors:
Innate Behavior
a) _____________ (suckling, doggie paddling)
e) _____________________ and estivation
b) _______________ (babinski reflex)
f) courtship behavior
c) ____________ (movement toward a stimulus)
g) “fight-or-flight” response
d) ____________________ (birds, caribou)
h) dominance heirarchies and aggression
Learned Behavior
a) _____________________ (hum of lights)
c) trial-and-error learning
b) __________________ (ducks follow “momma”)
d) ____________________ (classical vs. operant)
Social Behavior
a) _______________________ – communication via scents
- bees and ants use pheromones to communicate in organized social structures
- animals (e.g. dogs) mark their territory with pheromones
b) courtship dances and/or songs
c) defense of territory (resources)
_________________________ = Evolution between unrelated species.
e.g. pollinators & angiosperms (flowers bright and fragrant; honeybee has mouthparts for reaching
nectar; bee transports pollen from anther on one flower to stigma on another; also = mutualism)
____________________ = Disease causing agent (e.g. bacteria and viruses).
Viruses (not considered nonliving); generally a species specific pathogen
 __________________________
 no life functions (respiration, growth, development, etc.)
 can ____________________, but only with help of ____________________
Virus Structure – capsid, nucleic acid, envelope, etc.; know bacteriophage (virus that infects bacteria)
 know basic difference between lytic (active) & lysogenic (provirus) cycles – example = herpes
Common Viral Examples:
1) ___________ (leads to AIDS) – a _____________________ (contains reverse transcriptase)
2) ____________________
3) ____________________ (has been eradicated)
-
viruses can mutate, so that new strains emerge (regularly); think of how the flue changes
every year or so
Genetics and the Environment:
Sickle-cell Anemia – be able to explain the relationship between sickle-cell anemia and malaria
 A genetically inherited disease that distorts the red blood cells and prevents hemoglobin from
functioning (properly).
 Having the sickle cell trait _____________________________.
 Malaria is caused by the parasitic protist ______________________. It is transmitted through a
mosquito vector where it lives part of its life cycle.
Cancer – uncontrolled cell division/growth (problem with mitosis)
 Caused by certain genetic predisposition, as well as environmental influences (such as tobacco use)
_____________________ – UV rays and genetic predisposition.
__________________ may help prevent some cancers.
__________________ helps aid in cell division and may help prevent some cancers.
– be able to explain the relationship between lung/mouth cancer and tobacco use
– be able to explain the relationship between skin cancer, vitamin D, folic acid, and sun exposure
Diabetes – be able to explain the relationship between diabetes, diet & exercise, and genetics
 Problem with pancreas secreting ______________, which helps regulate blood sugar homeostasis.
 Caused by a genetic predisposition and the environment (diet) – type 1 vs. type 2
PKU (phenylketonuria) – be able to explain the relationship between PKU and diet
 Autosomal recessive trait where the body can’t process an amino acid (phenylalanine)
Immune Response:
Killer T-cells – recognize antigens (foreign protein that prompts) from pathogens and kill the cells directly
Helper T-cells – help B-cells turn into plasma cells that produce antibodies.
Memory T-cells – help the immune system respond quickly to a repeat pathogen (antibody already made)
1) __________________________ – given antibodies from another source (antibiotics)
2) __________________________ – the bodies own immune system actively producing the antibodies
Vaccine – a dead/inactive or weakened virus that prompts an immune response
Toxins
Mercury poisoning – Bioaccumulation (biomagnification) in fish can make them toxic and lead to
disease if consumed. Higher on food chain affected most.
Lead poisoning – Can cause brain damage (previously in all paints; now mostly only industrial paints)
Summary Table for the Characteristics of the Kingdoms
Cell Type
(prokaryotic or
eukaryotic)
Cells Number
(unicellular or
multicellular)
Reproduction
(asexual or
sexual; & type)
Energy source
(autotrophic or
heterotrophic)
Respiration
(aerobic or
anaerobic)
Cell wall type
ARCHAEA
BACTERIA
PROTISTA
FUNGI
PLANTAE
ANIMALIA
Transport of
Materials
Excretion
Respiration
Regulation
Nutrition
Reproduction
Growth and
Development
NONVASCULAR
PLANTS
VASCULAR
PLANTS
PROTISTS
ANNELIDS
INSECTS
AMPHIBIANS
MAMMALS