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Ch.14 Climate SES3. Students will explore the actions of water, wind, ice, and gravity that create landforms and systems of landforms (landscapes). d. Relate the past and present actions of ice, wind, and water to landform distribution and landscape evolution. SES5. Students will investigate the interaction of insolation and Earth systems to produce weather and climate. e. Describe the hazards associated with extreme weather events and climate change (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, El Niño/La Niña, global warming). SES6. Students will explain how life on Earth responds to and shapes Earth systems. b. Relate the distribution of biomes (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) to climate regions through time. 14.1 Defining Climate Objectives • Recognize limits associated with the use of normals. • Explain why climates vary. • Compare and contrast temperatures in different regions on Earth. Main Idea • Climate is affected by several factors including latitude and elevation. Review Vocabulary jet stream: a high-altitude, narrow, westerly wind band that occurs above large temperature changes Annual Averages and Variations • Climatology is the study of Earth’s __________ and the __________ that affect _______, _________, and __________ climatic changes. • Climate describes the _______-________ weather patterns of an area. • Normals • The data used to describe an area’s climate include __________ high and low _______________, amounts of _______________, _______ ________ and direction, _______________, and air pressure. • The data are _______________ on a monthly or annual basis for a period of at least 30 years to determine the _______________, which are the standard values for a location. • Normals apply only to the _______________ place where the meteorological data were _______________. • Changes in _______________ and other factors, such as proximity to large bodies of ________, can cause climates to vary. Causes of Climate • Latitude • _______________ has a great effect on climate. The amount of solar radiation received on Earth _______________ from the equator to the poles. • The area between 23.5° S and 23.5° N of the equator is known as the _______________. • Tropical areas receive the most solar radiation and are generally ________ year-round. • The _______________ zones lie between 23.5° and 66.5° north and south of the equator. • As their name implies, temperatures in these regions are _______________. • The _________ zones are located from 66.5° north and south of the equator to the poles. • Polar temperatures tend to be _______. • Topographic effects • Water heats up and cools down more __________ than land. Thus, large bodies of water affect the climates of __________ areas. • • Temperatures in the lower atmosphere generally _______________ with altitude. Thus, mountain climates are usually _______________ than those at sea level. • _______________ lifting leads to rain on the _______________ side of a mountain. The _______________ side is usually dry and warm. Air masses • Air masses affect _______________ climates by transporting the _______________ and _______________ of their source regions. 14.1 Section Questions 1. The normal high temperature for a location is calculated by averaging high temperature data for that location. a. true b. false 2. Which latitude region on Earth is called the tropics? a. between 10° N and 10° S b. between 23.5° N and 23.5° S c. between 28.5° N and 28.5° S d. between 30° N and 30° S 3. What happens as air rises on the windward side of a mountain range? a. The air cools and water condenses. b. The air cools and water resists condensation. c. The air warms and water condenses. d. The air warms and water resists condensation. Ch.14 Climate SES3. Students will explore the actions of water, wind, ice, and gravity that create landforms and systems of landforms (landscapes). d. Relate the past and present actions of ice, wind, and water to landform distribution and landscape evolution. SES5. Students will investigate the interaction of insolation and Earth systems to produce weather and climate. e. Describe the hazards associated with extreme weather events and climate change (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, El Niño/La Niña, global warming). SES6. Students will explain how life on Earth responds to and shapes Earth systems. b. Relate the distribution of biomes (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) to climate regions through time. 14.3 Climatic Changes Objectives • Distinguish between long-term and short-term climatic changes. • Identify natural causes of climate change. • Recognize why climatic changes occur. Main Idea Earth’s climate is constantly changing on many different timescales. Review Vocabulary glacier: large, moving mass of ice that forms near Earth’s poles and in mountainous regions at high elevations Long-Term Climatic Changes Ice ages o During the periods of extensive __________ coverage called ______ _______, average global temperatures decreased by an estimated ____°C. o The most recent ice age ended only about _________ years ago. Short-Term Climatic Changes While an ice age may last for several __________ years, other ___________ changes occur over much shorter time periods. Seasons are ________-_______ periods of climatic change caused by regular variations in ___________, _______________, and weather _______________. Seasons o The variations that occur with __________ are the result of changes in the amount of ________ ____________ an area receives. o When the north pole is pointed ________ from the Sun, the northern hemisphere experiences _________ and the southern hemisphere experiences _________. During spring and fall, __________ pole points toward the sun. El Niño o Other short-term climatic changes include those caused by El Niño, a _______ ________ current that occasionally develops off the __________ coast of South America. o Under normal conditions, _________ ________ and ________ ___________ move warm water west across the Pacific Ocean. o During El Niño, ________ ________ surges back toward South America, changing __________ patterns. Natural Causes of Climatic Changes Solar activity o The __________ minimum is the term used to describe the period of low numbers of ___________, from 1645 to 1716. o This period closely corresponds to an unusually cold climatic episode called the _________ Ice Age. o Studies indicate that _____________ solar activity coincides with _________-thannormal sea surface temperatures, while periods of ______ solar activity, such as the Maunder minimum, coincide with _________ sea surface temperatures. Earth’s orbit o Climatic changes might also be triggered by changes in Earth’s ________ and ________. o The shape of Earth’s elliptical orbit appears to _________, becoming more _____________, then more ___________, over the course of a _________-year cycle. o Scientists hypothesize that a more _____________ orbit around the Sun could produce significant changes in Earth’s __________. Earth’s tilt o At present, the angle of the tilt of Earth’s axis is _______°. However, the angle of tilt varies from a minimum of 22.1° to a maximum of 24.5° every 41,000 years. o Scientists theorize that these changes in _________ affect the differences in __________. o If the angle of the tilt of Earth’s axis ____________, there would be less temperature contrast between _________ and _________. Earth’s wobble o Over a period of about ________ years, Earth __________ as it spins around on its axis. o Currently, the axis points toward the ________ _______, Polaris. o Earth’s wobble determines the timing of the __________. When the axis points toward the star Vega in ________ years, the northern hemisphere will experience _________ during the time now associated with _________. Volcanic activity o Climatic ___________ can also be triggered by the immense quantities of _______________ particles, called aerosols, that are released into the atmosphere during major ___________ eruptions. o Volcanic dust can remain suspended in the atmosphere for several ________, blocking incoming ________ ____________ and thus lowering global _______________. 14.3 Review Questions Volcanic eruptions can affect global climate. a. true b. false What was low during the Maunder minimum? a. the amount of precipitation b. the number of sunspots c. the number of full moons d. the amount of cloud cover How would an increase in the tilt of Earth’s axis probably affect summer and winter temperatures at high latitudes? a. cooler summers and warmer winters b. cooler summers and cooler winters c. warmer summers and cooler winters d. warmer summers and warmer winters Ch.14 Climate SES3. Students will explore the actions of water, wind, ice, and gravity that create landforms and systems of landforms (landscapes). d. Relate the past and present actions of ice, wind, and water to landform distribution and landscape evolution. SES5. Students will investigate the interaction of insolation and Earth systems to produce weather and climate. e. Describe the hazards associated with extreme weather events and climate change (e.g., hurricanes, tornadoes, El Niño/La Niña, global warming). SES6. Students will explain how life on Earth responds to and shapes Earth systems. b. Relate the distribution of biomes (terrestrial, freshwater, and marine) to climate regions through time. 14.4 Impact of Human Activities Objectives Explain the greenhouse effect. Describe global warming. Describe how humans impact climate. Main Idea Over time, human activities can alter atmospheric conditions enough to influence changes in weather and climate. Review Vocabulary _______________: transfer of thermal energy by electromagnetic waves Influence on the Atmosphere The greenhouse effect o The process of absorption and radiation of energy in the atmosphere results in the __________________ ___________—the natural heating of Earth’s surface caused by certain atmospheric gases called ____________________ __________. o An increase in the amount of atmospheric greenhouse gases, particularly ___________ _______________ and ______________, would theoretically result in increased absorption of energy in the atmosphere. This can lead to a rise in global temperatures, known as _____________ __________________. Global Warming Temperatures worldwide have shown an ____________ trend over the past _______ years, with several of the _______________ years on record having occurred within the last ______ decades. Burning fossil fuels o One of the main sources of atmospheric ____________ ______________ from humans is from the burning of __________ ________ including ________, ______, and _____________ _______. Burning fossil fuels also releases other greenhouse gases, such as _____________ and _____________ ___________, into the atmosphere. Deforestation o _____________________—the mass removal of trees—also plays a role in ______________ levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide. o When trees are cut down, _______________________ is reduced, and more ____________ ________________ remains in the atmosphere. Environmental efforts o Individuals can ____________ the amount of carbon dioxide emitted to the atmosphere by ___________________ energy, which reduces fossil fuel _____________________. 14.4 Summary • The greenhouse effect influences Earth’s climate. • Worldwide temperatures have shown an upward trend over the past 200 years. • Human activities can influence changes in weather & climate. • Individuals can reduce their environmental impact on climate change. 14.4 Review Questions Which gas is a greenhouse gas that is released when fossil fuels are burned? a. oxygen b. helium c. carbon dioxide d. nitrogen Which type of electromagnetic radiation is partly captured and reradiated by greenhouse gases in the atmosphere? a. visible light b. ultraviolet radiation c. infrared radiation d. gamma rays How can people reduce the amounts of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere?