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Name ______________________________ Date ________________________ Lesson 1 ~ Earth Changes ~ VOCABULARY ocean – a large body of water continent – a large land mass landform – a feature of land on Earth’s surface like a mountain, valley, or river crust – Earth’s outermost layer mantle – the layer of Earth below the crust core – Earth’s deepest and hottest layer Name ______________________________ Date ________________________ Lesson 1 ~ Earth Changes ~ Earth’s Features What covers Earth’s surface? Most of Earth is covered by water. Most of this water is found in oceans. Oceans are bodies of salt water. Other bodies of water are rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes. Most have fresh water. Fresh water is not salty. Earth also has seven large areas of land called continents. A map can show Earth’s land and water. To read a map, look at its key. A key shows what a map’s colors and shapes mean. Ocean water covers most of Earth. Earth also has seven large areas of land called continents. A map can show Earth’s land and water. To read a map, look at its key. A key shows what a map’s colors and shapes mean. Quick Check Fill in the blank. A large body of salt water is called an _____________________________. A large area of land is called a ____________________________________. What are some of Earth’s land and water features? There are many features on Earth’s land. Land features are called landforms. These pictures show a few of Earth’s landforms and water features. Features of Earth 1. A mountain is the tallest landform. 2. A valley is the low land between hills or mountains. 3. A canyon is a deep valley. A river may flow through it. 4. A plain is land that is wide and flat. 5. A lake is water that has land all around it. 6. A river is a large body of moving water. 7. A plateau is land with steep sides. It has a flat top. 8. A coast is land that borders the ocean. 9. A peninsula is land that has water on three sides. 10. An island is land with water all around it. Quick Check ~ Circle the correct answer. 3. Water that is surrounded by land is called a ____________________. river lake island 4. Land that is wide and flat is called a ____________________________. plain mountain coast What land features are in the oceans? The land below the ocean is called the ocean floor. It has mountains and valleys. There are also canyons and plains. The coast is where dry land meets the water. Here you will find a continental shelf. It is part of the continent that is under water. It slopes down from the coast. An abyssal plain begins farther out. It is wide and flat. It goes for thousands of kilometers. A trench is a canyon on the ocean floor. It is the deepest part of the ocean floor. The Mariana Trench is in the Pacific Ocean. It is the deepest trench. It is almost 11 kilometers (7 miles) deep. The Ocean Floor Quick Check ~ Fill in the blanks. 5. The _____________________________ is where dry land meets ocean. 6. A ________________________________ is a canyon on the ocean floor. What are the layers of the Earth? Earth has many layers. The continents and the ocean floor make up the outer layer. It is called the crust. The crust is the thinnest and coolest layer. The crust is made of rock. The layer below the crust is the mantle. The mantle is hot. Some of it is hard rock. Some is rock that is soft and can flow. It is like putty. The center of Earth is the core. The core is the deepest layer. It is also the hottest. The outer core is melted metal. The inner core is solid metal. Quick Check 7. Earth’s outer layer is called the ________________________________. 8. Use the organizer below to compare the crust and the mantle. crust (different) both (alike) mantle (different) Name _____________________________ Date __________________________ Earth’s Features – Lesson 1 Directions: Use your textbook and your packet to help you fill in the blanks. What covers Earth’s surface? 1. More than half the Earth is covered by __________________________. 2. Most of Earth is covered by ___________________________ which are made up of salt water. 3. Rivers and glaciers are made up of _______________________ water. 4. Water that is not _________________________________ is fresh water. 5. Earth’s ________________________ make up seven great land areas. What are some of Earth’s land and water features? 6. A deep, narrow valley with steep sides is a(n) ___________________. 7. A landform with water all around it is a(n) ______________________. 8. Rivers are bodies of ______________________________________ water. 9. Land that is flat on top and higher than the land around it is called a(n) ________________________________________________________. What land features are in the oceans? 10. The land under an ocean at the edge of a continent is called a _________________________________________________________________. 11. Land that stretches for thousands of miles across the ocean is called the _______________________________________________________. 12. Canyons called ______________________________ form the deepest parts of the ocean floor. What are the layers of the Earth? 13. Earth’s ________________________ makes up the continents and the ocean floor. 14. Earth’s crust is a(n) ________________________________, cool layer. 15. Under the crust is a layer called the ___________________________. 16. The deepest and hottest layer of the Earth is the _______________. 17. The outer core is made up of _____________________________ rock. 18. Earth’s inner core is made up of __________________________ rock. Critical Thinking Directions: Use your textbook, packet, and background knowledge to help you answer the following question. Please be sure to use evidence to support your answer. 19. What can a map show you about Earth’s features? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name ____________________________ Date ___________________________ Earth’s Features ~ Vocabulary – Lesson 1 Directions: Match each word with its definition. abyssal plain crust coast continent island mantle continental shelf ocean core trench 1. ______________________ a large body of salt water 2. ______________________ Earth’s thin outer layer 3. ______________________ a great area of land 4. ______________________the layer immediately below Earth’s crust 5. ______________________ land that borders the ocean 6. ______________________ a canyon that is the deepest part of the ocean floor 7. ______________________ the deepest and hottest layer of Earth 8. ______________________ land with water all around it 9. ______________________ a plateau under the ocean at the edge of a continent 10. ____________________ a deep, flat part of the ocean floor, thousands of kilometers wide Name ______________________________ Date ________________________ Lesson 2 ~ Sudden Changes to Earth ~ VOCABULARY earthquake – a sudden movement of the rocks that make up Earth’s crust volcano – a mountain that builds up around an opening in Earth’s crust magma – melted rock that is below the Earth’s surface lava – melted rock that flows onto land landslide – the rapid movement of rocks and soil down a hill flood – when dry land becomes covered with water Name ______________________________ Date _________________________ Lesson 2 ~ Sudden Changes to Earth What are earthquakes? Earth’s crust is made up of many large plates of rock. Some of these plates move past each other. Some press against each other. Some pull apart from each other. The plates can bend and then snap back. This causes an earthquake. An earthquake is a quick movement of Earth’s crust. These plates are slowly pulling apart. Quick Check Directions: Please answer the following question in a complete sentence using evidence to support your answer. What causes an earthquake? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ When an earthquake happens, the ground shakes. The shaking starts at the earthquake’s center. The shaking moves out from the center in all directions. A strong earthquake can crack roads or damage buildings. Quick Check Directions: Please answer the following question in a complete sentence using evidence to support your answer. What types of damage can earthquakes cause? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Where Earthquakes Start An earthquake’s vibrations move in all directions. The vibrations get weaker as they move away from the center. What are volcanoes? A volcano is a mountain. It builds up around a crack in Earth’s crust. Sometimes a volcano explodes. This can change the land quickly. Some places in Earth’s mantle have melted rock. The melted rock is called magma. Sometimes magma moves up through a crack in the crust. It flows onto land and is called lava. Lava, rocks, and ash flow out onto Earth’s surface. This forms the volcano. How a Volcano Forms Read a Diagram Directions: Please answer the following question in a complete sentence using evidence to support your answer. What happens when magma moves up the crust? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Lava can flow from a volcano very slowly. The lava hardens. Then the volcano gets bigger. Sometimes lava flows quickly. Lava can shoot out from a volcano. A large part of the volcano can be blown away. Flowing lava can destroy buildings. It can destroy an ecosystem. Quick Check Circle the word that completes each sentence. A ____________________________________ is a mountain that builds up around a crack in Earth’s crust. earthquake core volcano When a volcano explodes, _________________________ may flow onto the land. lava mantle crust Lava shoots out of this volcano in Hawaii. What are landslides and floods? Rocks can pile up at the bottom of a mountain. How do the rocks get there? Gravity is a force that pulls things down. It acts on all things. It can cause a landslide. A landslide is the quick movement of rocks and soil down a mountain. A landslide changed this mountain. It destroyed the homes in its path. Quick Check Directions: Please answer the following question in a complete sentence using evidence to support your answer. What can cause a landslide? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Heavy rain can quickly flood a river. A flood is water that flows over dry land. Flood waters are very strong. They can change land quickly. A hurricane caused this flooding. Quick Check Directions: Please answer the following question in a complete sentence using evidence to support your answer. What can cause a flood? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name _____________________________ Date __________________________ Sudden Changes to Earth – Lesson 2 Directions: Use your textbook and your packet to help you fill in the blanks. What are earthquakes? 1. The huge rocks that make up Earth’s crust can _________________. 2. Rocks below ground can bend when they ________________________ each other. 3. Rocks below ground can press against other rocks and ________________________________. 4. Rocks that bend can __________________________ and cause sudden movement. 5. A sudden movement of rocks in Earth’s crust is an ______________. 6. An earthquake can be ____________________________ or very strong. 7. The land _____________________, or shakes, during an earthquake. 8. During an earthquake, vibrations travel as _____________________ in all directions. What are volcanoes? 9. A mountain around an opening in Earth’s crust is a ____________. 10. Melted rock is called ____________________ when it is in Earth’s crust and mantle. 11. Melted rock that flows through an opening in the crust is called _____________________________. 12. A volcanic ____________________ forms when lava, rocks, and ash pile up in layers. 13. Lava can _____________________________ from a volcano, or it can explode out of it. What are landslides and floods? 14. The force that pulls on all objects, including rocks, is called _______________________________________. 15. When rocks and soil move downhill very fast, a __________________ occurs. 16. A river that overflows can cause a ______________________ on land that is usually dry. Critical Thinking Directions: Use your textbook and packet to help you answer the following question. Please be sure to use evidence to support your answer. 17. How can earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, and floods change the shape of caostlines? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name ____________________________ Date ___________________________ Sudden Changes to Earth ~ Vocabulary – Lesson 2 Directions: Match each word with its definition. earthquake flood gravity landslide lava magma vibrations volcano 1. ______________________________ shaking felt during an earthquake 2. _____________________________ melted rock in the crust and mantle 3. ___________________________ the force that pulls objects downward 4. ______________________ sudden movement of rocks in Earth’s crust 5. __________________ water that flows over land that is normally dry 6. _______________________________ melted rock that flows through an opening and onto land 7. _______________________ rock and soil pulled down a hill by gravity 8. ____________________________ a mountain that builds up in Earth’s crust around an opening Name ______________________________ Date ________________________ Lesson 3 ~ Weathering and Erosion ~ VOCABULARY weathering – the breaking down of weathered rock erosion – the wearing away and movement of weathered rock glacier – a large sheet of ice that moves slowly across the land deposition – the dropping off of weathered rock Name ______________________________ Date ________________________ Lesson 3 ~ Weathering and Erosion What is weathering? Large rocks break into smaller rocks. Small rocks break into sand. This is called weathering. It can take millions of years. Moving water can break down rocks. Wind, rain, and changes in temperature can, too. Moving water and wind pick up small rocks. These rocks scrape against other rocks. This scraping slowly wears the rocks away. This rock has been weathered by wind. Water can get into cracks in rocks. The water freezes. Frozen water takes up more space than liquid water. It widens the cracks. This breaks rocks apart. These rocks have been weathered by water. Living things also cause weathering. Plants grow in the cracks of rocks. Their roots can split rocks apart. A tree is breaking this rock apart. Quick Check Circle the word that completes each sentence. When large rocks break into smaller rocks and sand it is called ____. magma earthquake weathering Water ______________________________ and widens cracks in the rock. melts freezes boils What is erosion? Erosion is the weathering and movement of small pieces of rock. Moving water and wind cause erosion. Most erosion happens slowly. Weathering breaks rocks down. Wind or water carries the smaller pieces away. The pieces are dropped in new places. The rocks were carried by moving water. Wind helps break down rock. It carries away sand and small bits of rock. Glaciers cause erosion, too. A glacier is a very large piece of ice. It moves slowly across the land. It tears rock out of the ground. As it melts, it drops off the rocks in new places. Quick Check ~ Fill in the blanks. The movement of weathered rock is called _________________________. A ________________________ is a large piece of ice that moves across the land. This is a glacier in Alaska. How can people change the land? People change the land, too. Some changes are small, such as digging a hole. Other changes are much larger. People cut down trees. They build roads, stores, and homes. The soil can wash away if more trees are not planted. Building a Canal BEFORE This mountain was cut out and shaped to build the Panama Canal. AFTER Read a Photo How did people change the mountain? _____________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ People drain ponds and swamps. Dry soil is left behind. It can blow away. The land is dug up to reach useful rocks. People dig up the land to reach useful rocks. Quick Check Directions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences. Describe how people change the land. ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ What can happen when a pond is drained? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name _____________________________ Date __________________________ Weathering and Erosion – Lesson 3 Directions: Use your textbook and your packet to help you fill in the blanks. What is weathering? 1. The process of __________________________ breaks down rocks into smaller and smaller pieces. 2. Weathering can break down rocks into _________________ and soil. 3. Weathering can be caused by _______________, wind, rain, and ice. 4. Rocks can weather when they _______________ against each other. 5. Water that freezes in a crack ________________________ and makes the crack larger. 6. Over time, freezing and ____________________________ water breaks down a rock into smaller pieces. 7. Plant _________________________________ grow into cracks in a rock and split the rock. What is erosion? 8. Pieces of weathered rock get moved to other places by ____________________________. 9. Erosion can happen when _________________________________ pulls weathered rock and soil downhill. 10. One cause of erosion is the __________________________________ in rivers and the ocean. 11. Rock can be dropped or _______________________________ by wind when the wind slows down. 12. Rocks are carried along inside a(n) ______________________ and drop off as it melts. How can people change the land? 13. Digging a(n) ______________________ is a small example of how people can change land. 14. Land is changed when trees are cut to build ___________________, __________________________, and ___________________________________. 15. Soil can wash away if trees are not ____________________________. 16. Land can change when it is _______________________ for valuable minerals and materials. Critical Thinking Why would planting trees help stop erosion caused by wind and water? ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________ Name ____________________________ Date ___________________________ Weathering and Erosion ~ Vocabulary – Lesson 3 Directions: What am I? – Choose a word from the word box below that answers each question and write the correct letter in the space provided. WORD BANK erosion gravity soil wind glacier roots weathering 1. I am a force that pulls material downhill. What am I? _________________________________________ 2. I drop or deposit small bits of rock when I slow down. What am I? _________________________________________ 3. I can grow in small cracks and split rocks apart. What am I? _________________________________________ 4. Rocks freeze under me. Then I drop them in new places when I begin to melt. What am I? ________________________________________ 5. I am the movement of weathered rock. What am I? _________________________________________ 6. I cause rocks to break down with the help of running water, rain, and ice. What am I? _________________________________________ 7. I am the result of rocks being broken down into smaller pieces. What am I? _________________________________________ Name ___________________________________ Date __________________________________________ STUDY GUIDE Quiz on ________________________________________________________________________________ Test on ________________________________________________________________________________ Use your packets with the attached definitions for each lesson. Lesson 1 vocabulary ocean crust continent mantle landform core Lesson 2 vocabulary earthquake lava volcano landslide magma flood Lesson 3 vocabulary weathering glacier erosion deposition Events which cause the Earth’s surface to change QUICKLY: earthquakes volcanoes landslides floods Events which SLOWLY cause changes to the Earth’s surface are: weathering erosion ONLINE RESOURCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Go to: www.macmillanmh.com Click on Science Click on the Grade 3 textbook Click on Chapter 5 – Earth Changes Review the game, summary, and lesson for each lesson ONLINE RESOURCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Go to www.brainpopjr.com username is sachem and password is sachem Click on Science Click on Land Watch LANDFORMS Watch FAST LAND CHANGES Watch SLOW LAND CHANGES