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Key Concept 3.2: Continuity & Innovations of State Forms & Their Interactions (Crusades) Period 3: 600 – 1450 CE What were the Crusades? A series of wars called by Catholic Popes 1st in 1095 Minor crusades continued into the 15th Century 1st Crusade (1195-1199) 3rd Crusade (1189-1192) 4th Crusade (1202-1204) 4th Crusade Results: Crusaders sacked the largest city in Christendom Failed to reclaim any Holy Lands Legitimized the idea the Crusades are NOT pilgrimages Marks the beginning of the end of the Byzantine Empire