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Download AGE080 Week 8 Worksheet - KEY Powerpoint: “Geologic Processes
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Transcript
AGE080 Week 8 Worksheet - KEY Powerpoint: “Geologic Processes” 1. Many geologic processes, including earthquakes and volcanic activity, are related to the movements of the rigid plates that make up the Earth’s lithosphere; the theory that describes these movements is called plate tectonics. 2. The island of Taiwan is located on a zone of convergence between the Eurasian plate and the Philippine plate. 3. Earthquakes occur when seismic waves are created by a sudden release of energy in the Earth’s crust. Most often, they are associated with the rupture and displacement of rocks along a plane known as a fault. 4. The three main kinds of seismic waves are primary waves, secondary waves , and surface waves. 5. The magnitude of earthquakes on the Richter Scale is determined by measuring the amplitude of the largest seismic waves as shown on a seismogram, but the scale is logarithmic. In other words, each number on the scale represents an amplitude that is 10 times greater than the previous number. However, the energy release associated with that number is about 32 times as great as the previous number. 6. Earthquake damage depends more on ground acceleration than on earthquake magnitude. 7. Volcanoes occur where melted (molten) rock reaches the earth’s surface. They can occur in a number of plate tectonic settings but are often located above subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is moving under another tectonic plate. 8. Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down through contact with the Earth’s atmosphere, living organisms, and water. 9. The process in which weathered soil and rock are removed and transported to other locations is called erosion. 10. The formation of Karst topography by the dissolution of CaCO₃ is an example of chemical (physical/ chemical) weathering. 11. Desertification, a process in which land becomes increasingly dry, is a serious global environmental problem related to deforestation and over-cultivation. 12. Mass movement (mass wasting) is a form of erosion in which soil and rock move downhill under the force of gravity. 13. According to an important geologic principle, layers of sediment start out horizontal because they are deposited under the action of gravity. Powerpoint: “Rock-Forming Minerals” 1. Atoms are made up of three kinds of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons. 2. When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become charged particles known as ions . 3. The most common element in the Earth’s crust is oxygen, and the second most common element in the Earth’s crust is silicon. Therefore it is not surprising that over 90% of the minerals in the Earth’s crust belong to the category of silicate minerals. 4. The building block of most rock-forming minerals is the silicon trahedron . It consists of four (how many?) O2- ions around one Si4+ ion. 5. Clay minerals contain water in their structure. 6. The most common sulfide mineral, pyrite (FeS₂), is sometimes referred to as “fool’s gold.” Powerpoint: “Rocks” 7. A rock is a naturally occurring solid made up of minerals. 8. The three kinds of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. 9. Granite is an example of a/ an igneous rock. 10. Sandstone is an example of a/ an sedimentary rock. 11. Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed by recrystallization of the chemical sedimentary rock limestone. Powerpoint: Climate 12. The solar radiation that arrives at the Earth’s surface is mostly in the frequency range of visible light, but the energy that is emitted from the earth back into the atmosphere is in the lower frequency range of infrared radiation. Much of this outgoing radiation does not escape the earth’s atmosphere but is trapped by greenhouse gases. 13. The natural greenhouse effect is beneficial; if it did not exist, the average surface temperature of the Earth would be 33 °C lower than it is. 14. The average temperature of the Earth has risen 0.8 °C since 1900, and the majority of scientists believe that the rise has been produced by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuel. 15. Water vapor is responsible for more of the greenhouse effect than CO₂, but unlike CO₂, it does not accumulate in the atmosphere. 16. The Earth’s climate is extremely difficult to model because there are both positive and negative feedbacks in the system.