Download AGE080 Week 8 Worksheet - KEY Powerpoint: “Geologic Processes

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Transcript
AGE080 Week 8 Worksheet - KEY
Powerpoint: “Geologic Processes”
1. Many geologic processes, including earthquakes and volcanic activity, are related
to the movements of the rigid plates that make up the Earth’s lithosphere; the
theory that describes these movements is called plate tectonics.
2. The island of Taiwan is located on a zone of convergence between the Eurasian
plate and the Philippine plate.
3. Earthquakes occur when seismic waves are created by a sudden release of
energy in the Earth’s crust. Most often, they are associated with the rupture
and displacement of rocks along a plane known as a fault.
4. The three main kinds of seismic waves are primary waves, secondary waves , and
surface waves.
5. The magnitude of earthquakes on the Richter Scale is determined by measuring
the amplitude of the largest seismic waves as shown on a seismogram, but the
scale is logarithmic. In other words, each number on the scale represents an
amplitude that is 10 times greater than the previous number. However, the
energy release associated with that number is about 32 times as great as the
previous number.
6. Earthquake damage depends more on ground acceleration than on earthquake
magnitude.
7. Volcanoes occur where melted (molten) rock reaches the earth’s surface. They
can occur in a number of plate tectonic settings but are often located above
subduction zones, where one tectonic plate is moving under another tectonic
plate.
8. Weathering is the process by which rocks and minerals are broken down through
contact with the Earth’s atmosphere, living organisms, and water.
9. The process in which weathered soil and rock are removed and transported to
other locations is called erosion.
10. The formation of Karst topography by the dissolution of CaCO₃ is an example of
chemical (physical/ chemical) weathering.
11. Desertification, a process in which land becomes increasingly dry, is a serious
global environmental problem related to deforestation and over-cultivation.
12. Mass movement (mass wasting) is a form of erosion in which soil and rock move
downhill under the force of gravity.
13. According to an important geologic principle, layers of sediment start out
horizontal because they are deposited under the action of gravity.
Powerpoint: “Rock-Forming Minerals”
1. Atoms are made up of three kinds of particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons.
2. When atoms lose or gain electrons, they become charged particles known as
ions .
3. The most common element in the Earth’s crust is oxygen, and the second most
common element in the Earth’s crust is silicon. Therefore it is not surprising
that over 90% of the minerals in the Earth’s crust belong to the category of
silicate minerals.
4. The building block of most rock-forming minerals is the silicon trahedron . It
consists of four (how many?) O2- ions around one Si4+ ion.
5. Clay minerals contain water in their structure.
6. The most common sulfide mineral, pyrite (FeS₂), is sometimes referred to as
“fool’s gold.”
Powerpoint: “Rocks”
7. A rock is a naturally occurring solid made up of minerals.
8. The three kinds of rocks are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
9. Granite is an example of a/ an igneous rock.
10. Sandstone is an example of a/ an sedimentary rock.
11. Marble is a metamorphic rock that is formed by recrystallization of the chemical
sedimentary rock limestone.
Powerpoint: Climate
12. The solar radiation that arrives at the Earth’s surface is mostly in the frequency
range of visible light, but the energy that is emitted from the earth back into the
atmosphere is in the lower frequency range of infrared radiation.
Much of this outgoing radiation does not escape the earth’s atmosphere but is
trapped by greenhouse gases.
13. The natural greenhouse effect is beneficial; if it did not exist, the average surface
temperature of the Earth would be 33 °C lower than it is.
14. The average temperature of the Earth has risen 0.8 °C since 1900, and the
majority of scientists believe that the rise has been produced by increased
concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from human activities, such as the
burning of fossil fuel.
15. Water vapor is responsible for more of the greenhouse effect than CO₂, but
unlike CO₂, it does not accumulate in the atmosphere.
16. The Earth’s climate is extremely difficult to model because there are both
positive and negative feedbacks in the system.