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Cell Theory:
Lets Review Biology!
Scientists: Robert Hooke, (1663)
1. All life forms are made from one or more cells.
2. Cells only arise from pre-existing cells.
3. The cell is the smallest form of life.
Definition
Example
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ
System
Organism
Cell Parts and Their Functions:

Cells contain smaller parts called organelles.

Organelles have special functions that maintain all the life processes of the cell.
intake of nutrients
response to stimuli
movement
exchange of gases
growth
waste removal
Cell Parts and Function
_______________________________ — the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement
of materials in and out of the cell. Found in both plant and animal cells.
_______________________________ — the fluid within the cell that contains organelles and aids in
moving things around in the cell. It is inside the cell membrane surrounding the nucleus. The
cytoplasm is made up of about two-thirds water.
______________________________ — One of the larger organelles found in all cells. The nucleus
is usually the shape of a sphere and contains the cell's genetic material. It is the control center of the
cell. It is found floating in the cytoplasm.
______________________________ —- DNA looks like a twisted extension ladder. It is found in the
nucleus and controls everything inside the cell.
__________________ — produces energy to power the cell's activities. It changes the energy stored
in food compounds into ATP. It is a kidney-bean-shaped organelle floating around the cytoplasm.
____________________________________ — a network of membranes that stores, separates, and
transports substances within the cell. It is like a ribbon floating throughout the cytoplasm.
____________________________________ — makes lipids, processes carbohydrates and modifies
toxic chemicals in the cell.
____________________________________ — contains ribosomes on its surface and makes
proteins to be secreted by the cell, makes new cell membranes.
_______________________ — tiny ball-like structures at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum.
Proteins are formed in the ribosomes.
____________________________________ — flat pancake-like sacs where protein molecules are
sorted, changed, packaged and distributed throughout the cell.
__________________________ — small spheres floating around the cytoplasm that contain
digestive enzymes to help break down bacteria and viruses within the cell.
________________________ — a sac that absorbs water, stores proteins, ions and waste products.
Vacuoles are large in plant cells and small in animal cells. They provide support for plant cells.
_________________________ — the tough, rigid outer covering that surrounds the cell membrane of
plant cells. It protects plant cells and helps the plant keep its shape.
_________________________ — green oval-shaped structures, plants make sugars through
photosynthesis here.
Cell Parts and Function-answers
Cell Membrane — the outer boundary of the cell that controls the movement of materials in and out
of the cell. Found in both plant and animal cells.
Cytoplasm — the fluid within the cell that contains organelles and aids in moving things around in the
cell. It is inside the cell membrane surrounding the nucleus. The cytoplasm is made up of about twothirds water.
Nucleus — One of the larger organelles found in all cells. The nucleus is usually the shape of a
sphere and contains the cell's genetic material. It is the control center of the cell. It is found floating in
the cytoplasm.
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) —- DNA looks like a twisted extension ladder. It is found in the
nucleus and controls everything inside the cell.
Mitochondria — produces energy to power the cell's activities. It changes the energy stored in food
compounds into ATP. It is a kidney-bean-shaped organelle floating around the cytoplasm.
Endoplasmic reticulum — a network of membranes that stores, separates, and transports
substances within the cell. It is like a ribbon floating throughout the cytoplasm.
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum — makes lipids, processes carbohydrates and modifies toxic
chemicals in the cell.
Rough endoplasmic reticulum — contains ribosomes on its surface and makes proteins to be
secreted by the cell, makes new cell membranes.
Ribosomes — tiny ball-like structures at the surface of the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins are
formed in the ribosomes.
Golgi apparatus — flat pancake-like sacs where protein molecules are sorted, changed, packaged
and distributed throughout the cell.
Lysosome — small spheres floating around the cytoplasm that contain digestive enzymes to help
break down bacteria and viruses within the cell.
Vacuole — a sac that absorbs water, stores proteins, ions and waste products. Vacuoles are large in
plant cells and small in animal cells. They provide support for plant cells.
Cell wall — the tough, rigid outer covering that surrounds the cell membrane of plant cells. It protects
plant cells and helps the plant keep its shape.
Chloroplast — green oval-shaped structures, plants make sugars through photosynthesis here.
Label the Cells
Label the following diagrams and place them in the correct order.
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Gall Bladder
Large Intestine
Appendix
Anus
Stomach
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Rectum
Organ Systems
Use your text p. 96 to fill in the chart.
In animals:
Organ System
Integumentary System
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
Circulatory System
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Excretory System
Reproductive System
Lymphatic System
Organs Involved
Basic Function
Organ Systems
In animals:
Organ System
Organs Involved
skin, hair, nails, glands
Integumentary System
bones, cartilage
Skeletal System
Muscular System
Digestive System
Respiratory System
skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle, cardiac muscle,
tendons, ligaments
mouth, esophagus, stomach,
pancreas, gall bladder, liver,
intestines, rectum
nose, mouth, trachea, lungs,
bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli,
diaphragm
heart, blood vessels, blood
Circulatory System
brain, nerves, spinal cord
Nervous System
Endocrine System
Excretory System
Reproductive System
Lymphatic System
glands (pituitary,
hypothalamus, thyroid,
adrenals), pancreas, ovaries
(females), testes (males)
skin, kidney, bladder, ureter,
urethra
female: ovaries, fallopian
tubes, vagina, uterus
male: testes, epididymis, vas
deferens, penis, urethra
white blood cells, thymus,
spleen, lymph nodes, lymph
vessels
Basic Function
 Covers and protects body
 Glands help control body
temperature
 Supports body
 Allows movement
 Protects the body
 Works with skeletal system
to provide movement
 Moves materials within body
 Ingestion
 Digestion
 Absorption of nutrients
 Elimination of solid wastes
 Exchange of gases
 Transportation of materials
(such as oxygen, nutrients,
hormones, and wastes)
within body
 Controls body functions
 Coordinates responses and
activities
 Controls growth and
development
 Controls metabolism
 Elimination of wastes
 Reproduction
 Protects body from disease
 Circulates fluid called lymph
 Absorbs and transports fats
Structure
Mouth
Esophagus
Liver
Stomach
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
Small Intestine
Large Intestine
Epiglottis
Larynx
Trachea
Alveoli
Diaphragm
Red Blood Cell
Leaf
Root
Stem
Xylem
Phloem
Skeletal Muscle
Smooth Muscle
Cardiac Muscle
Function(s)
Structure
Function(s)
Mouth
- chew food, inject saliva (breaks down carbohydrates)
Esophagus
- muscular tube that actively moves food from mouth to stomach through
peristalsis
Liver
- bile production, metabolizes toxins, protein synthesis
Stomach
- Acidic environment that breaks down food through muscular contractions
Gall Bladder
- stores bile (fat breakdown)
Pancreas
- enzyme production (ex. Insulin)
Small Intestine
- Nutrient absorption
Large Intestine
- Water absorption
Epiglottis
- muscular flap that covers trachea during swallowing
Larynx
- vocal chords
Trachea
- (wind pipe) rigid tube connecting nasal cavity and lungs
Alveoli
- Small sacs in lungs that passively diffuse oxygen to red blood cells and
remove carbon dioxide
Diaphragm
- muscle that expands lungs by contracting
Red Blood Cell
- cell that binds to oxygen and transports it around the body
Leaf
-
plant organ for photosynthesis and gas exchange
flower (type of leaf used for reproduction)
Root
- plant organ for support, water/nutrient absorption and sugar storage
Stem
- plant organ for support
Xylem
- vascular tissue in plants used for water transport
Phloem
- vascular tissue in plants used for sugar transport
Skeletal Muscle
- muscle tissue attached to bone structure, used for locomotion
(voluntary contraction)
Smooth Muscle
- organ muscle tissue used in digestion (involuntary contraction)
Cardiac Muscle
- muscle tissue of the heart
Don’t Forget to Study …
The Cell Life Cycle: Interphase (G1, S, G2), Mitosis (P.M.A.T.)
The 4 types of animal tissue: Epithelial, Connective, Muscular (skeletal, smooth, cardiac),
and Nervous
The 4 types of plant tissue: Epidermal, Ground, Vascular, and Meristematic
1. What are the three functions of the roots?
2. Describe the major job of the leaf and explain how two tissues in the leaf work together to
accomplish this job.
3. Describe two functions of a stem, and explain how the tissues in the stem work together to
accomplish one of the stem functions.
4. What is the major function of a flower?
Cell Specialization
Medical Imaging Technology – X-Ray, Ultrasound, CT Scan, MRI
Viruses – Structure, Replication, Immunity
Cool Website – Digestive and Circulatory Systems
www.medtropolis.com/vbody.asp