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Name: _________________________________ AP Biology Summer Assignment Concept 52.1 – Ecology integrates all areas of biological research and informs environmental decision making. 1. Use textbook figure 52.2 to discuss the different levels of ecological hierarchy. Draw a flow chart that illustrates these levels of organization – be sure to describe the components of each level. Concept 52.2 – Interactions between organisms and the environment limit the distribution of species. 2. List AND describe examples of biotic factors that can limit geographic distribution: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ L. Carnes 3. List AND describe examples of abiotic factors that can limit geographic distribution: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How does dispersal influence species distribution? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 52.3 – Aquatic biomes are diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth. 5. What are the most important factors influencing aquatic biome distribution? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Identify factors that are significant to organism distribution in a lake: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 7. What is the difference between a lake that is oligotrophic and one that is eutrophic? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Describe the DIVERSITY of the following marine zones – include what factors influence this diversity: a. Intertidal Zone: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ b. Oceanic Pelagic Zone: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Benthic Zone: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 9. What is a wetland? Are wetlands considered to be species rich or poor? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. What is an estuary? Are estuaries considered to be species rich or poor? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 52.4 – The structure and distribution of terrestrial biomes are controlled by climate and disturbance. 11. What are the most important factors influencing terrestrial biome distribution? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Fill in the Following Chart Outlining Major Characteristics of Biomes: Biome Defining Abiotic Characteristics How do the Abiotic Characteristics affect the Distribution of Species (Biotic Characteristics)? Tropical Rain Forest Savannah Desert Temperate Grassland Temperate Deciduous Forest Coniferous Forest (Taiga) Arctic Tundra Concept 53.1 – Dynamic biological processes influence population density, dispersion, and demographics. 1. What is the relationship between population density and dispersion? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How can an ecologist use the mark-recapture method to estimate the number of individuals in a population? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What is the difference between immigration and emigration? How does each affect population density? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Describe three patterns of dispersal: a. _________________________________________________________________________________ b. _________________________________________________________________________________ c. _________________________________________________________________________________ 5. What is territoriality? How is it of adaptive value to an organism? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Define the following terms: a. Demographics: ____________________________________________________________________ b. Life Table: _______________________________________________________________________ c. Survivorship Curve: ________________________________________________________________ 7. Compare the survival strategies of different species and give an example of each type. Include a sketch of the graph for each growth strategy. a. Type I: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ b. Type II: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Type III: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 53.2 – Life history traits are products of natural selection. 8. Life histories are very diverse. Compare and contrast species that exhibit semelparous and interoparous reproductive strategies. Discuss when each strategy might be of adaptive advantage to an organism. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Natural selection cannot maximize all reproductive variables simultaneously. Give examples of “trade-offs” and life histories. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 53.3 – The exponential growth model describes population growth in an idealized, unlimited environment. 10. Write the formula for population growth WITHOUT limits – define the variables & draw/label an example of the graph. Why is this type of growth considered “idealized” or “unattainable in nature?” _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 53.4 – The logistic growth model describes how a population grows more slowly as it nears its carrying capacity. 11. Define carrying capacity. Discuss factors that cause a population to reach its carrying capacity: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. Write the formula for population growth WITH limits – define the terms & draw/label an example graph. Why is this more realistic than the exponential growth model? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What happens to a population with the number of individuals approaches the carrying capacity? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Compare k-selected and r-selected species. Provide examples of each. What is the adaptive value of each strategy? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 53.5 – Many factors that regulate population growth are density dependent. 15. Identify factors that regulate population size: _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Compare density-dependent and density-independent factors limiting populations – give examples of each. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 17. Review Figure 53.19. Discuss how the predator/prey relationship is an example of a densitydependent limiting factor. What trends are recognizable from the graph? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 53.6 – The human population is no longer growing exponentially but is still increasing rapidly. 18. Look at the growth curve of the human population. How does it compare to the growth curves earlier in the chapter? Do you think the human population is growing exponentially or logistically? Have we reached our carrying capacity? Discuss trends and events throughout history that have contributed to growth in the size of the human population on the planet. __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Look at the age structure diagrams of different countries (Figure 53.25). Discuss the pyramids for all three populations (similarities/differences). How might the age structure influence social policy? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 54.1 – Community interactions are classified by whether they help, harm, or have no effect on the species involved. 1. What is a community? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. How is co-evolution significant in community ecology? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Ecologists call relationships between different species in a community interspecific interactions. Define the interaction terms. Fill in the chart of INTERSPECIFIC interactions: Interaction Competition: Predation (includes parasitism): Mutualism: Commensalism: Effects on Population Density Example 4. What is the competitive exclusion principle? How is this of adaptive value to both species? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Define ecological niche. What factors are included in an organism’s niche? How does a niche differ from an organism’s habitat? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Define and give an example of resource partitioning. How is this of adaptive value to all species involved in this interaction? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Describe what is meant by “character displacement”. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Describe several defense mechanisms to predation in plants. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Describe and give an example of the following animal defenses: a. Cryptic Coloration: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ b. Aposematic Coloration: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ c. Batesian Mimicry: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ d. Mullerian Mimicry: _________________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 54.2 – Dominant and keystone species exert strong controls on community structure. 10. Discuss biodiversity, species richness, and relative abundance. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 11. What is the “trophic structure” of a community? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What does a food web show that isn’t indicated by a food chain? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. What limits the length of a food chain? Discuss the difference between the energetic hypothesis and the dynamic stability hypothesis. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 14. Define a keystone species and discuss their importance to a community. Provide a specific example. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Define a foundation species and discuss their importance to a community. Provide a specific example. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 16. Define a dominant species and discuss their importance to a community. Provide a specific example. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 17. How do the “bottom-up” and “top-down” model of community control differ? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 54.3 – Disturbance influences species diversity and composition. 18. What is a disturbance? Explain the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 19. What is an ecological succession? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the MAIN difference between a primary and secondary succession? Give examples of factors that can cause EACH type of succession. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 21. What are the characteristic stages of a primary succession? Discuss the importance of each stage. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 22. What happens to biodiversity as a succession proceeds? What factors influence this increase or decrease in biodiversity? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 23. What is the difference between a pioneer species and a climax species? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 55.1 – Physical laws govern energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems. 1. How does the definition of ecosystems expand on the concept of the community? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is needed to maintain a self-sustaining ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. How do the first two laws of thermodynamics and the law of conservation of mass apply to ecosystems? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 4. How can changes in free energy availability result in disruptions to an ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Draw a diagram that illustrates energy and nutrient dynamics in an ecosystem. Explain your diagram. Concept 55.2 – Energy and other limiting factors control primary production in ecosystems. 6. Define the following energy budget terms: a. Primary Productivity: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Gross Primary Productivity: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Net Primary Productivity: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Which ecosystems have the highest productivity per unit area? What factors do you think contribute to such high productivity? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 8. Why is the open ocean so low in productivity? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 9. Explain the factors that limit productivity in aquatic ecosystems AND discuss some consequences of altering the amount of limiting nutrient in these systems. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 10. Explain the factors that limit productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Which terrestrial ecosystems have the lowest productivity? Why? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 55.3 – Energy transfer between trophic levels is typically only 10% efficient. 11. What is secondary productivity? What is production efficiency? What is trophic efficiency? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 12. What happens to the size at each level in the idealized pyramid as energy is transferred through the trophic levels? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 13. Explain what happens to the energy and biomass as it is passed through the trophic levels. Explain why this happens – i.e. why is the transfer only 10% efficient? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 55.4 – Biological and geochemical processes cycle nutrients between organic and inorganic parts of an ecosystem. 14. How does the movement of energy and nutrients DIFFER through an ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 15. Why is it essential that elements move through biogeochemical cycles in the ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ 16. The Carbon Cycle: a. Biological importance: b. Forms available to life: c. Major reservoirs: d. Key processes involved in cycle: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 17. The Water Cycle: a. Biological importance: b. Forms available to life: c. Major reservoirs: d. Key processes involved in cycle: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 18. The Nitrogen Cycle: a. Biological importance: b. Forms available to life: c. Major reservoirs: d. Key processes involved in cycle: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 19. The Phosphorus Cycle: a. Biological importance: b. Forms available to life: c. Major reservoirs: d. Key processes involved in cycle: ____________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 20. What is the impact of combustion on the carbon cycle? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 21. Identify the role of each of the following in the nitrogen cycle: a. Nitrogen Fixation: ____________________________________________________________________________________ b. Ammonification: ____________________________________________________________________________________ c. Nitrification: ____________________________________________________________________________________ d. Denitrification: ____________________________________________________________________________________ e. Assimilation: ____________________________________________________________________________________ 22. How does the rate of decomposition affect the overall health of an ecosystem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 23. How does the rate of decomposition differ in a rainforest and a deciduous forest? What factors contribute to this difference? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Concept 55.5 – Human activities now dominate most chemical cycles on Earth. 24. Why is human population growth at the root of most environmental issues? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 25. What are the potential problems associated with nutrient enrichment brought about by human activity? Discuss SHORT TERM and LONG TERM effects. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 26. What are the potential problems associated with acid rain brought about by human activity? Discuss SHORT TERM and LONG TERM effects. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 27. What are the potential problems associated with adding toxins to the environment brought about by human activity? Discuss SHORT TERM and LONG TERM effects including biological magnification. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 28. What are some possible reasons for global warming called the greenhouse effect? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 29. Is depletion of the ozone layer a possible reason for global warming? Explain. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 30. What is the cause of depletion of the ozone layer? Why is this a problem? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 31. List and describe several additional impacts humans have had on the environment. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Ch. 55 Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together. 1. Now that you have completed Ch. 55, use your virtual lab packet to complete the online simulation of AP Lab #12 – Dissolved Oxygen. a. Log onto http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/index.html and select AP Lab 12 – Dissolved Oxygen. b. All lab responses should be written into your virtual lab packet and submitted with your summer assignment. c. Your responses to the virtual lab will account for a SIGNIFICANT portion of your summer assignment grade. Concept 56.1 – Human activities threaten Earth’s biodiversity. 24. Describe the three levels of biodiversity. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 25. Define biodiversity hot spots and explain why they are important. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 26. Describe the importance of the sustainable biosphere initiative. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 27. What is bioremediation? Provide an example. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 28. Why does reduced genetic diversity of small populations make them more vulnerable to extinction? Explain your answer. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 29. What are the goals of restoration ecology? _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ 30. Discuss the three major threats to biodiversity caused by human activity (habitat loss, introduced species, and overexploitation) and give examples of each. For each, discuss the immediate and long term impact on the community. _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________ Ecology Unit Essential Knowledge – bringing it all together through writing. Now that you have completed Chapters 52-56, use your knowledge to respond to the following free response essays on your own sheet of paper – label each and use separate sheets of paper for each. Your responses to these essays will account for a SIGNIFICANT portion of your summer assignment grade. Essay Prompt #1 - Biogeochemical Cycles Essay Prompt #2 – Population Growth Curves Essay Prompt #3 - Ecological Succession