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Name: Class: Unit I: Psychology’s History and Approaches What is Psychology? What are four questions early thinkers wondered? Socrates and Plato concluded that: Aristotle disagreed with Socrates and Plato. What did he say about knowledge? According to Descartes, what was his conclusion in the relationship between the brain and muscles? _________________________ was the English philosopher that believed the human mind at birth is a blank slate, or tabula rasa. a. He also founded empiricism, which is: Who founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879?_________________________________ Structralism How is this related to introspection? What were the criticisms of structuralism? Functionalism The first female president American Psychological Association was:__________________________ The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was:______________________________ Define experimental psychologists: 1 Development of Modern Psychology Identify the main focus of study of the following people: a. Ivan Pavlov – b. Sigmund Freud – c. Jean Piaget – Define behaviorism (behaviorists): a. How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner define psychology? Define humanistic psychology (humanism) What was the humanistic emphasis of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow? What is cognitive neuroscience? Today, how is psychology defined? What is behavior? What are mental processes? Contemporary Psychology What is the nature – nurture issue? What is natural selection? Who proposed this idea? Define levels of analysis: 2 Describe the three levels: Biological influences: Psychological influences: Socio-cultural influences: Describe the focus of the following approaches. How does each perspective attempt to study and explain human behavior? Biological- (Neuroscience) Evolutionary Psychodynamic- (Psychoanalytical) Behavioral Cognitive Humanistic Social-cultural- (Cross-cultural) Jobs and Subfields Biological psychologists – Development psychologists – Cognitive psychologists – 3 Educational psychologists – Personality psychologists – Social psychologists – Industrial-organizational psychologists – Human factors psychologists – Counseling psychologists – Clinical psychologists – Psychiatrists – 4 Unit II – Research Methods Section 1 – The Need of Psychological Science Define hindsight bias and give an example. a. How is hindsight bias related to intuition? How does overconfidence affect our everyday thinking? a. How does hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition? What are the 3 main components of the scientific attitude? What is critical thinking? Section 2 – How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions? What is the scientific method? What is a theory? What is a hypothesis? What are operational definitions? How do they keep biases in check? What is replication? How is related to psychological research? 5 A theory is useful if: a. b. What is a case study? a. What do they often suggest? b. How can they sometimes be misleading? What is a survey? a. Explain the wording effect of a survey. b. Describe random sampling in terms of the representative sample. Define population – Define random sample – What are naturalistic observations? Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather __________________ behavior. What is correlation? 6 a. What is a correlation coefficient? b. What are scatterplots? c. What is a positive correlation? A negative correlation? Give examples for each. What is “the point to remember” in regards to a correlation coefficient? What is an illusory correlation? Provide an example. How do psychologists isolate cause and effect? Explain random assignment. How is an experiment different from correlational studies? What is a double-blind procedure? What is the placebo effectt What is an experimental group? 7 What is a control group? Why do researchers randomly assign people to these conditions? In terms of experiments, define: Independent variable Confounding variable Dependent variable Section 3 – Statistical Reasoning in Everyday Life What is “the point to remember” about statistics? What is meant by measure of central tendency? a. mode b. median c. mean What is meant by variation? What scores are more reliable – those with low variability or high variability? 8 Define range – Define standard deviation What is the normal curve? What is statistical significance? Section 4 – Frequently Asked Questions About Psychology What is the purpose of an experiment? Why do psychologists experiment/study animals? What two issues emerge debating experimentation on animals? a. b. What are the four ethical principles established when experimenting with people? a. b. c. d. 9 Unit III: Biological Bases of Psychology What is biological psychology? Part 1 – Neural Communication Why is it a benefit that there is not much difference between the brains of humans and animals? Define neurons. a. sensory neurons – b. motor neurons – c. d. e. f. interneurons dendrite axon – myelin sheath – How is the myelin sheath related to multiple sclerosis? g. action potential – h. Using the terms ions, resting potential, and selectively permeable, describe the chemical events that allow neurons to fire. i. How do the security parameters changes when a neuron fires (include the term depolarize)? How often can this process repeat? j. What are excitatory signals and what are inhibitory signals? What is threshold? What is a synapse? Using the terms neurotransmitters and reuptake, describe the how neurons send information across the synaptic gap. How can neurotransmitters influence our motions and our emotions? What discovery was made by Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder in regards to neurotransmitters? What are endorphins and give an example of what they can do? 10 What happens when the brain is “flooded” with opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine? What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist? Part 2 – The Nervous System What is the nervous system? What is the peripheral nervous system? a. somatic nervous system – b. autonomic nervous system – sympathetic nervous system – parasympathetic nervous system – What is the central nervous system? a. Approximately how many neurons in the central nervous system? b. What are neural networks? c. Neurons that ____________ together ___________ wire together, helping learning occur. d. What is the spinal cord and how does it work? e. How do spinal reflex pathways work? g. What happens if the spinal cord is severed? Part 3 – The Endocrine System What is the endocrine system? a. What are hormones? What happens when they act on the brain? b. How is the endocrine system similar to the nervous system? Different from the nervous system? 11 c. What are adrenal glands? d. What aspects of our lives are influenced by the endocrine’s system of hormones? e. What is the pituitary gland? Why is it the most influential endocrine gland? The Brain Section 1 – The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined What is a lesion? How else can scientists observe brain functions? What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) and for what purpose is it used? Describe the purpose of the following neuroimaging techniques: a. CT (computed tomography) scan b. PET (positron emission tomography) scan c. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) d. fMRI (functional MRI) Section 2 – Older Brain Structures What makes the brain of advanced mammals more complex? Describe the location AND the function of the following older brain structures: 12 Brainstem Medulla Reticular formation Thalamus Cerebellum Pons What is the limbic system? What is the amygdala? Is this the only area that controls rage and fear? Explain. What is the hypothalamus? - Why is it referred to as the reward center? - What is reward deficiency syndrome? Section 3 – The Cerebral Cortex What is the cerebellum and what is its purpose? Describe the cerebral cortex. 13 What happens to the cerebral cortex as we “move up the ladder of animal life”? The ________________ ________________ supports the billions of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, providing nutrients, insulating myelin, and guiding neural connections. Describe the function of the four lobes located in each of the brain’s two hemispheres: frontal lobe – parietal lobe – occipital lobe – temporal lobe – What is the motor cortex? What body areas occupied the greatest amount of cortical space? Why? Is it possible to move prosthetics just by thinking? Explain. What is the sensory cortex? What is the relationship between the sensitivity of a body region and the size of the sensory cortex area devoted to it? What additional areas provide input to the cortex besides touch? What are association areas? 14 How are association areas different than sensory and motor areas? What do association areas in the frontal lobes enable? What happens if there is frontal lobe damage? What other mental functions are accomplished through association areas? What is aphasia and what can cause it? What is the “big point to remember” regarding language? What is plasticity? When are our brains most plastic? Why is brain plasticity good news for those who are blind or deaf? When is plasticity especially evident? Explain/give examples. What is neurogenesis? Section 4 – Our Divided Brain The hemispheric specialization of the brain is called ___________________________. 15 What did neurosurgeons Vogel and Bogen speculate? What is the corpus callosum? What is a split brain? What happens when there is a split brain? (examples) What happens when the “two minds” are at odds? When is the left hemisphere more active? When is the right hemisphere more active? Section 5 – Right-Left Differences in the Intact Brain Indicate various functions performed by each side of the brain. right brain – left brain – Section 6 – The Brain and Consciousness What is consciousness? What is the so-called “hard problem” in regards to consciousness? What is cognitive neuroscience? 16 What is dual processing? What is the “big idea” in terms of consciousness? Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and Behavior Section 1 – Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences Define behavior genetics: Define environment: What are chromosomes and how many do we have? a. How many are donated by each parent? What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)? What are genes? What is the difference between an active gene and an inactive gene? What are genomes? What are some examples of traits influenced by genes? How are identical twins different from fraternal twins? Shared genes can translate into ___________ _____________________. 17 Are identical twins more behaviorally more similar than fraternal twins? Explain. Who was the first researcher to study twins reared apart? What did he find through his continued research of twins reared apart? What are some criticisms of Bouchard’s studies? How does adoption create a second type of real-life experiment? What is the effect of the adoptive families on the adoptees’ personality? In what areas are adopted children influenced by their adoptive parents? What is heritability? What point does Myers (the author) stress about heritability? What would happen as environments become more similar? How do genes and environment (nature and nurture) work together? (describe using the term selfregulating) What causes human differences? 18 In terms of genes and experience, what is interaction? List an example. Myers says forget nature v. nurture, instead think _____________ ____ ______________. What is molecular genetics? What is the goal of molecular behavior genetics? Section 2 - Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human Nature What is the focus of evolutionary psychologists? What is natural selection? What are mutations? What does evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker say about shared human traits? What are five questions addressed by evolutionary psychologists? a. b. c. d. e. In terms of mating preferences, what do men look for and why? What do women look for and why? What are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspective? Section 3 - Reflections on Nature and Nurture What is the “great truth” about human nature? 19 Unit VI: Sensation and Perception Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Sensation: Perception: Bottom-Up Processing: Top-Down Processing: Describe an example that illustrates the difference between sensation and perception: A. Selective Attention Selective Attention: o Example: o Cocktail Party Effect: o What does selective attention mean for how you should study? (or even do this reading guide?!) o Inattentional blindness: o Change blindness: B. Transduction What are the 3 steps that are basic to all our sensory systems? All our senses… Tranduction: Psychophysics: C. Thresholds Absolute Thresholds o Example: Signal Detection Theory: o Example: Subliminal: Priming: 20 o Example: Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference): Weber’s Law: D. Sensory Adaptation Sensory Adaptation: o Example: Why do we have sensory adaptation—what is its important benefit? Influences on Perception Perceptual Set: o Example: Extrasensory perception(ESP): Parapsychology: After reading the section “Thinking Critically About ESP”, do you believe that ESP exists? Why/Why not? Vision A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy Wavelength determines what? Hue: Amplitude determines what? Intensity: B. The Eye Cornea: Pupil: Iris: Lens: Retina: o Accommodation: 21 o Rods: o Cones: o Bipolar Cells: o Ganglion Cells: Optic Nerve: Blind Spot: Fovea: C. Visual Information Processing After being processed in the retina, the optic nerve carries vision information to what part of the brain? Feature Detectors (Hubel & Wiesel): Parallel Processing: aka. our brain is amazing!! o Example: D. Color Vision Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory: o 3 colors our eyes are sensitive to: o According to this theory, what causes colorblindness? Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering): o 3 sets of colors: o Afterimages: Visual Organization and Interpretation A. Visual Organization Gestalt: What is the fundamental truth underlying all of the Gestalt principles? Figure-ground: Grouping: 22 Gestalt Grouping Principle Definition Draw an example Proximity Continuity Closure Depth Perception: Visual Cliff: What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate—is depth perception learned or not? Binocular Depth Cues: o Retinal Disparity: Monocular Depth Cues: o Relative Height: o Relative Size: o Interposition: o Relative Motion: o Linear Perspective: o Light and Shadow: Phi Phenomenon: Perceptual Constancy: o Examples: Color Constancy: *comparisons govern our perceptions Example of size constancy: 23 SOOOO many cool illusions with these 2! Example of shape constancy: Perceptual Adaptation: o Example: Hearing Audition: A. The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Amplitude determines what? Frequency determines what? What is sound measured in? B. The Ear Outer Ear: Eardrum: Middle Ear: 3 bones in middle ear: Inner Ear: cochlea: Summary of hearing: Vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane to shake. This causes ripples in the ____________, bending the ____________ lining its surface. Hair cells convert the messages into neurons that are then sent by the ____________ to the thalamus, then onto the _________ cortex in the _________lobe. What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss? Way to fix hearing problems: Cochlear implant: How do we interpret loudness of a sound? How do we perceive pitch? o Place Theory: o Frequency Theory: o Volley Principle: How do we locate the source of sounds? Module 21: The Other Senses A. Touch What are the 4 distinct skin senses that make up touch? (aka. Your body has receptors for these 4) Why do you need to feel pain? 24 Pain= combination of sense of touch and your BRAIN!! Gate-Control Theory (for pain): What are phantom limb sensations? List 2 examples of psychological influences of pain. List 2 examples of social-cultural influences of pain. B. Taste What are the 4 basic tastes? What is the newest 5th one? Describe it. Taste is a chemical sense. What does that mean for how it works? C. Smell What is the scientific name for smell? (hint: it starts with an O) Because it is a primitive sense, what part of the brain does smell bypass? Do we have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor? Smell’s have a huge power to trigger memories! D. Body Position and Movement Kinesthesia: Vestibular Sense: o Where are the biological parts for your sense of equilibrium located? E. Sensory Interaction Sensory Interaction: o Example: Embodied Cognition: o Example: 25 Unit V: Consciousness Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis Consciousness Figure 22.1 States of Consciousness Spontaneous 1. 2. 3. Physiologically 1. Induced 2. 3. Psychologically 1. Induced 2. 3. Hypnosis Frequently Asked Questions about Hypnosis Question Answer Two Explanations for Hypnosis: As a social phenomenon 26 As Divided Consciousness Figure 22.3: fill in appropriate information Sleep Patterns Biological Rhythms Circadian Rhythms Sleep Stages REM Sleep Alpha Waves (define and draw) 27 Sleep Hallucinations Delta Waves NRem Five Theories of Sleep 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Sleep Deprivation, Disorders and Dreams Effects of sleep loss Figure 24.2: Effects of Sleep Deprivation (label and take notes) 28 Narcolepsy Insomnia Major Sleep Disorders: 29 Cognitive Development Neural Static Neural Pathways Information Processing Freudian Dream Theories Theory Description Vocabulary Manifest Content Latent Content REM Rebound 30 Sleep Apnea Night Terrors Psychoactive Drugs Drug Action Risky Use Social Impairment Impaired Control Table 25.1 When is a drug a disorder? Substance Use Disorder Psychoactive Drugs Tolerance Addiction Withdraw 31 Methampheta mine Cocaine Nicotine Opiates Barbituates Alcohol Please read this module and fill in the appropriate information for each drug: Drug Type Effects 32 33 Marijuana LSD Ecstasy (MDMA) Unit VI: Learning Classical Conditioning How do we learn? Learning Aristotle’s original conclusion Habituation Associative learning Two forms of conditioning 1. 2. Cognitive learning Observational learning Classical Conditioning Ivan Pavlov John B. Watson Behaviorism 34 Label the picture of Pavlov’s experiments with the US, NS, US, UR, CS, and CR. Define each term in the remaining space on the right. Acquisition Higher Order conditioning Extinction 35 Spontaneous Recovery Draw figure 26.6 and explain curve in the space to the right of the graph Stimulus Generalization Stimulus Discrimination Module 27: Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments Thorndike’s law of effect Operant chamber Reinforcement Shaping Discriminative stimulus 36 Types of Reinforcers (table 27.1) Description Positive Reinforcement Examples from your life Negative Reinforcement Primary Reinforcers Conditioned Reinforcers Reinforcement Schedules Schedule Definition Continuous reinforcement Fixed ratio Variable ratio Fixed-interval Variable- Interval Variable Interval Ratio Table 27.2 Fixed 37 Punishment Table 27.3 Type of Punishment Positive Punishment Definition Examples from your life Negative Punishment What are the four major drawbacks of using physical punishment? 1. 2. 3. 4. Module 29: Biology, Cognition and Learning Explain John Garcia’s 1996 study on taste aversion Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning Cognitive map Latent learning 38 Insight Intrinsic motivation The overjustification effect Learning and personal control Learned helplessness The stages of learned helplessness Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control Self control Module 30: Learning by observation Observational learning Modeling Vicarious reinforcement & punishment 39 Please explain Bandura’s experiment Mirror and imitation in the brain Figure 30.4 Pain Response in brain Empathy response in brain What areas of the brain is this? What areas of the brain is this? Mirror neurons Applications Pro social effects Behavior modeling Anti social effects 40 Violence-viewing effect Does viewing media violence trigger violent behavior? 41 Unit VII: Cognition Module 31: Studying and Building Memories Studying Memory Memory What are the two extremes of memory recall ability? Memory Models The Three Parts of an information-processing model: 1. 2. 3. Parallel Processing Connectionism Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three stage model 1. 2. 3. Figure 31.2 Copy the figure, label the parts and then explain in the space below 42 Working Memory Building Memories: Encoding Explicit memories Effortful processing Automatic processing Implicit memories Automatic Processing: Procedural memory Conditioned associations What three things do we unconsciously automatically process? 1. 2. 3. Effortful and Explicit Memories Sensory memory 43 Iconic memory Echoic memory Capacity of short term and working memory Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking Mnemonics Hierarchies Spacing Effect Testing Effect Levels of Processing Shallow processing Deep processing Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval For this module, fill in the table and label the appropriate parts on the brain 44 Amygdala Basal Ganglia Cerebellum Hippocampus Parts of Role in Memory the Brain The Amygdala, Emotions and Memory Flashbulb memories 45 Synaptic Changes Long—term potentiation Effects of electric current through the brain Copy Figure 32.5 in the space below Retrieval: Getting Information out What are three measures of retention? 1. 2. 3. Retrieval Cues Priming Context dependent memory State-dependent memory 46 Mood congruent Serial position effect Module 33: Forgetting, memory construction and memory improvement Forgetting What is the difference? Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia Encoding failure Storage Decay Retrieval Failure Proactive Interference Retroactive interference Motivated forgetting Freud’s Memory Repression Copy Figure 33.6 in the space below 47 Memory Construction Errors Misinformation and imagination The misinformation effect Imagination inflation Source amnesia Déjà vu Discerning true and false memories Children’s eyewitness recall Improving memory: seven suggestions 48 Module 34: Thinking, Concepts and Creativity Thinking and Concepts Cognition Concepts Prototypes Creativity Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Sternberg’s five components of creativity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 49 Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles Algorithms Heuristics Insight Confirmation Bias Mental Set Forming Good and Bad decisions Intuition Representativeness Heuristic Availability Heuristic Overconfidence Belief Perseverance 50 Framing Perils and Powers of Intuition Module 36: Thinking and Language Language Language Structure Phonemes Morphemes Grammar Language Development Receptive language Productive language Babbling One word stage Two word stage 51 Telegraphic speech Table 36.1 Summary of Language Development Month Stage Explaining Language Development How do we acquire language Universal grammar Statistical learning Critical period The Brain and language Apsasia 52 What do each do? Broca’s Area Wernike’s Area Label Broca and Wernike’s area on the brain Language and Thought Language influences thinking Linguistic determination Thinking in Images 53 Unit VIII:Developmental Psychology Module 45: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Developmental Psychology: 3 major issues in developmental psych (name and define): 1. 2. 3. A. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Zygotes: Embryo: Fetus: Newborns prefer their mothers voice to their fathers immediately after birth. Why? Teratogens: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: Rooting reflex: Habituation: Module 46: Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation: o Example: 54 By when do you have most of your brain cells? Where is brain growth most rapid from ages 3-6? What are the last areas of the brain to develop? When is the average age of people’s earliest memories? Module 47: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Who is the most famous developmental psychologist? Cognition: According to Piaget, what is the driving force behind our intellectual progression? Schemas: o Assimilate: Example: o Accommodate: Example: Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development 1. Sensorimotor Stage: Age Range: Object permanence: o Example: 55 2. Preoperational Stage: Age range: Conservation: o Example: Symbolic thinking: Egocentrism: o Example: Theory of mind: 3. Concrete Operational Stage: Age range: 4. Formal Operational Stage: Age range: Vygtosky’s Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Development According to Vygotsky, why do children increasingly think in works and use words to solve problems by age 7? What is the difference between Piaget’s and Vygtosky’s emphasis on children’s cognitive development? 56 Zone of Proximal Development: Module 48: Infancy and Childhood: Social Development Stranger Anxiety: Attachment: Summarize Harry Harlow’s study of attachment on monkeys. Besides body contact, what else is important in forming an attachment? Critical period: Lorenz’s imprinting: o Do human children imprint? Describe Mary Ainsworth’s types of attachment o Secure attachment: o Insecure attachment: Temperament: Erikson’s Basic Trust: Explain 2 different effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment. 57 Self-concept: What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem? A. Parenting Styles Authoritarian: Permissive: Authoritative: According to Baumrind, what kinds of parents do kids who have a high self-esteem tend to have? Module 49: Gender Development Gender: What is the difference between sex and gender? Which gender tends to be more aggressive? Explain the power differences people perceive between genders. What did Carol Gilligan find about gender and social connectedness? 58 Which gender prefers working with people? Gender roles: Role: What is the expected gender role of men vs. women in the US? o Is that the same in other cultures? Gender Identity: Social Learning Theory: o Example: Gender Typing: Transgender: Module 50: Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences What is the general conclusion about which is more influential on development—nature or nurture? 59 How much credit or blame do you think your parents deserve for the person you are today? Why? Module 51: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development Adolescence: A. Physical Development Puberty: What are the psychological effects on boys who mature early? What are the psychological effects on girls who mature early? What happens to your neurons in your brain during adolescence? What lobe of the brain matures during adolescence? B. Cognitive Development During early teens, what is reasoning like? Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development Level Focus Example What happens to children who learn to delay gratification? Module 52: Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood According to Erikson, what is the main crisis during adolescence? Identity: 60 Social Identity: Why is the first year of college such a challenge to many adolescents? Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development *Erikson’s stages ALWAYS comes up on the AP Test, so make sure you understand these! Issue of Stage Age Range Description of Task Trust vs. Mistrust Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt Initiative vs. Guilt Industry vs. Inferiority Identity vs. Role Confusion Intimacy vs. Isolation Generativity vs. Self-Absorption Integrity vs. Despair Intimacy: In Western cultures, what happens to the child-parent relationship as adolescents form their identity? What goes hand in hand with positive parent-teen relationships? Emerging Adulthood: Module 54: Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development What are the names and age ranges of the three different types of adulthood? 61 Menopause: What happens to strength and stamina as you age? Why is physical activity important for older adults? What happens to senses as you age? What happens to your immune system as you age? What happens to neural processing as you age? Describe how older people remember meaningful information as compared to younger people. Cross-sectional studies: Longitudinal studies: What is terminal decline of mental abilities? Is there really a midlife crisis for most people? Social Clock: Does living together before marriage lead to less divorce? Is there a such thing as “empty nest syndrome” for most couples when they children go off to college? 62 Unit IX: Motivation, Emotion and Stress Module 37: Motivational Concepts Motivations: Instinct theory Drive-Reduction Theory Arousal Theory Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology Instinct The underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology Drives and Incentives Drive reduction theory Drive Homeostasis Figure 37.1: label each part of the figure and explain how this process works if the need is water Optimum Arousal Yerkes-Dodson law 63 A Hierarchy of Motives Abraham Maslow Figure 37.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Label, explain and give a real life example for each of the six levels 64 Table 37.1 Theory Strength Weakness Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psych Drive Reduction Theory Optimal Arousal Theory Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Module 38: Hunger Motivation Explain Ancel Key’s Study Physiology of Hunger Cannon & Washburn 1912 Body Chemistry and the Brain Role of the brain Glucose How does a normal hypothalamus function? 65 What happens when the hypothalamus is damaged? Set point Basal metabolic rate Why do some psychologists use the term set range instead of set point? Figure 38.4: Label the digestive system showing where each hormone is produced 66 Where does each hormone originate and what is its role in appetite? Hormone Insulin Production Area and Role Ghrelin Orexin Leptin PYY The Psychology of Hunger Taste Preferences by Culture Situational Influences in Eating Social Facilitations Unit Bias Food variety 67 Obesity and Weight control Physiology of Obesity Set point and metabolism Genetic factors of obesity Food and activity factors Sleep loss Social influence Close Up: Waist Management 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 68 Module 39: Sexual Motivation Physiology of Sex Sexual Response Cycle : Please label the different stages of the cycle Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias Erectile disorder Premature ejaculation Female orgasmic disorder 69 Paraphilias Hormones and Sexual Behavior Two side effects of sex hormones: 1. 2. estrogens testosterone testosterone in women versus other mammals Psychology of Sex Figure 39.1 : Explain the role of each influence External Stimuli Imagined Stimuli Module 40: Social Motivation, Affiliation Needs Benefits of Belonging Autonomy 70 Competence Self esteem Disruption of attachments Pain of Being Shut Out Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion Cognition and Emotion Emotions Two big questions of Emotion Theories Historical Emotion Theories James-Lange Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Schachter and Singer Two Factor Theory 71 Figure 41.1 Please Label the brain figure and explain the pathways of emotion Table 41.1 Summary of Emotion Theories Theory Explanation of Emotions Your own Example Module 42: Expressed Emotion Detecting Emotion in Others 72 Gender and Emotion Culture and Emotional Expression Label each of the basic emotions in the pictures below, compare to figure 42.4 Effects of Facial Expressions Facial Feedback Effect Behavior Feedback Phenomenon 73 Module 43: Stress and Health Stress Stressors Catastrophes Significant life changes Daily hassles The Stress Response system Fight of flight General adaption syndrome Cortisol Telomeres Tend and befriend Oxytocin 74 Module 44: Stess and Illness Psycho-physiological illness Psychoneurommunology Lymphocytes Stress and Heart Disease Coronary Heart Disease Type A Type B 75 Unit X: Personality Module 55: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Sigmund Freud Free association Psychoanalysis Unconscious Preconscious Repress Figure 55.1 Please label the iceburg structure and explain in the space below Manifest content of dreams Latent content of dreams 76 Personality Structure Freud’s View of human personality Id Ego Superego Personality Development Psychosexual stages Erogenous zones Table 55.1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus Oedipus Complex Electra Complex 77 Identification Gender identity Fixate Defense Mechanisms Repression Table 55.2 Seven Defense Mechanisms Repression Defense Mechanism Unconscious Process Example 78 Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspectives Modern research Slips of the tongue Challenges to Repression Module 56: Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic NeoFreudian and Psychodynamic Theoriests Neofreudian In the Venn Diagram below, please show the differences and similarities between Psychoanalytic (Freudian) and Psychodynamic (neo-Freudian) 79 Carl Jung Karen Horney Alfred Adler In the table below, please incluide the biographical information of the top three psychodynamic psychologists. Collective unconscious Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective tests Thematic apperception test Rorschach inkblot test Validity and reliability of projective tests The Modern Unconscious Mind Modern understanding of the unconscious includes (6 things) 80 False consensus effect Terror-management theory Module 57: Humanistic Theory Humanistic theory Abraham Maslow’s Self actualizing person Hierarchy of needs Self actualization Self transcendence Characteristic s of healthy, creative people Peak experiences Carl Roger’s Person Centered Perspective Three conditions of growth Self concept Assessing the self 81 Evaluating humanistic theories Influence in pop psychology Criticism Module 58: Trait Theories Traits Myers-Briggs Type Indicator Factor Analysis Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Biology and Personality Brain arousal Autonomic nervous system reactivity Assessing traits Personality inventories Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory Empirically derived 82 The big Five Factors Three main questions of the big five factors Evaluating trait theories Person-situation controversy Module 59: Social Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self Social Cognitive Perspective Behavioral approach Reciprocal influences Figure 59.1 Please copy the figure and explain it in the space below 83 Three ways that individuals and the environment interacts Optimism versus pessimism Personal control Attributional style Excessive optimism Blindness to one’s own incompetence Assessing behavior in situations 84 Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories Table 59.1 Please copy the table Personality Theory Key Proponents Assumptions 85 View of Personality Table 59.2 Please copy the table Research Description Method Perspectives Benefits Exploring the Self Self Spotlight effect Benefits of self esteem Self esteem 86 Weaknesses Self efficacy Effects of low self esteem Self serving bias Narcissism Culture and self Individualism Collectivism 87 Unit XI: Testing and Individual Differences Module 60: Introduction to intelligence Intelligence Intelligence test One Ability or several? Charles Spearmen General intelligence (g) Factor analysis L.L. THurstone Satoshi Kanazawa Theories of Multiple Intelligence Howard Gardner Savant syndrome Kim Peak (Rain Man) Multiple intelligences Grit Sternberg’s Three Intelligences 88 Robert Sternberg Analytical Intelligence Creative Intelligence Practical intelligence Emotional Intelligence Social intelligence Emotional intelligence’s four components Is Intelligence neurologically measurable Brain size and complexity Brain function 89 Table 60.1 Comparing Theories of Intelligence Theory Summary Strengths Module 61: Assessing Intelligence The origins of Intelligence Testing Francis Galton Alfred Binet: Mental age Lewis Terman Stanford-Binet Test Intelligence Quotient Modern Tests Achievement tests 90 Other Considerations Aptitude tests Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) Principles of Test construction Standardization Normal curve Flynn effect Reliability Test retest reliability Split half scores Validity Content validity Predictive validity Module 62: Dynamics of Intelligence Aging and Intelligence Cross sectional evidence 91 Longitudinal evidence Crystallized intelligence Fluid intelligence Stability over life span Life spans of more intelligent people Extremes of Intelligence The low extreme Intellectual disability Criterion for intellectual disability Down syndrome The high extreme Talented and gifted 92 Module 63: Studying genetic and environmental influences on intelligence Twin and adoption studies Heritability Environmental Influences Early environmental influences Tutored human enrichment Baby Einstein Schooling and intelligence Head start programs Growth mindset Module 64: Group Differences and the Question of Bias Group Differences in Intelligence test scores Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences Considerations in environmental differences accounting for race differences (six) 93 The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias Test Takers Expectations Spencer 1997 Stereotype Threat Obama Effect Steele 1995 94 Unit XII: Abnormal Behavior (Psychological Disorders) Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder: Maladaptive: o Example: A. Understanding Psychological Disorders Causes In earlier times, what did people think the cause of disorders were? Medical Model: What do psychologists who believe in the biopsychosocial approach believe is the cause of disorders? o What is the evidence of this belief? B. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5): o What is this used for? What disorders have changed in the new edition of the DSM? What do critics say against the DSM? C. Labeling Psychological Disorders Summarize the layout of the Rosenhan study. What can happen when we label a person with a disorder? (read this whole section before answering!) What are the benefits of diagnostic labeling? 95 D. Rates of Psychological Disorders What percentage of adults in America suffer from a mental disorder in a given year? What are 5 risk factors for mental disorders? (see Table on pg. 658) Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders: Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD): o What does it mean that the anxiety of GAD is free-floating? Panic Disorder: Phobia: Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia): Agoraphobia: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD): When does OCD cross the line between normal and disorder? Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): What were old names for PTSD? What determines whether a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic event? Posttraumatic Growth: A. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD—Causes Explain how we learn fear from the learning perspective. Give an example of how an anxiety disorder might have been passed down from our biological ancestors. 96 What 2 neurotransmitters might be involved in anxiety? Module 67: Mood Disorders Mood Disorders: What could be some biological reasons to developing depression after traumatic events? Major-Depressive Disorder: What are the 6 symptoms of depression? Mania: Bipolar Disorder: What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder? Give some examples of behaviors someone would have during their manic phase. Who is more at risk for depression—men or women? What neurotransmitter is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania? What second neurotransmitter is also probably involved in depression? Why does excessive alcohol use correlate with depression? What kinds of thought patterns do people with depression have? Give at least 3 examples. Module 68: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia: 97 Psychosis: Delusions: o Example: What is word salad? Hallucinations: o Example: Explain what it means that disorganized thoughts may result from a breakdown in selective attention. What is a flat affect? What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia? What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia? What neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia? Too little or too much? What parts of the brain are effected by schizophrenia? Module 69: Other Disorders A. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders Somatic Symptom Disorder: Conversion Disorder: Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria): B. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders: Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID): What was the old name for DID? 98 Why do some people believe that DID is NOT a real disorder? What evidence is there that DID IS a real disorder? C. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa: Bulimia Nervosa: Binge-Eating Disorder: Give 2 examples of how the family environment might play a role in eating disorders. Who is most vulnerable to eating disorders? D. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders: What does each cluster of personality disorders focus on? Antisocial Personality Disorder: Why do most criminals not have Antisocial Personality Disorder? Is there a genetic link for Antisocial Personality Disorder? 99 Unit XIII:Treatment of Abnormal Behavior Module 70: Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Psychotherapy: Biomedical Therapy: Eclectic Approach: What are the 4 types of “talk therapies”? A. Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis: o Founder of this therapy: What does psychoanalytic therapy presume? What is the goal of this therapy? Techniques of Psychanalysis Free association: Resistance: Interpretation: Transferring: Why is this type of therapy not really used anymore? Psychodynamic therapy: B. Humanistic Therapies Insight therapies: How is psychoanalytic therapy different from humanistic therapy? Client-Centered Therapy: o Founder of this therapy: 100 What 3 characteristics do therapists have to exhibit? Active listening: Unconditional positive regard: Module 71: Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies A. Behavior Therapy Behavior Therapy: How is behavior therapy different from psychodynamic and humanistic therapies? Explain an example of how classical conditioning techniques can be applied to getting rid of unwanted, learned behaviors. Counterconditioning: Exposure therapy: Systematic desensitization: o Person who created both techniques (important to know!!): Explain an example of how you would use both of these therapies with a social anxiety. Virtual reality exposure therapy: Aversive conditioning: o Example: Does aversive conditioning work? (be sure to explain show vs. long run) How does behavior modification work? Token economy: B. Cognitive Therapies 101 Give examples of disorders that are best treated by cognitive therapy. Cognitive Therapies: Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): o Person who created this (important to know!!): Explain how Aaron Beck would treat depression. Stress inoculation training: Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT): What types of disorders are best treated by CBT? C. Group and Family Therapies Group Therapy: Family Therapy: What is one of the most famous self-help groups? Module 72: Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies What 3 reasons make psychologists skeptical about client testimonials of therapies effectiveness? After doing meta-analysis studies, what is the general conclusion about the effectiveness of therapy? Evidence-based practice: What does a therapist do during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR)? What are the 3 benefits of all forms of therapy? Therapeutic alliance: Why are minorities more likely to not use mental health services? 102 Resilience: What is the alternative viewpoint to disorders, instead of dismissing the person as “crazy”? Module 73: The Biomedical Therapies A. Drug Therapies Psychopharmacology: What needs to be used when testing a new drug to make sure it is actually effective and people are not just getting results due to the placebo effect? Antipsychotic drugs: o Example name of antipsychotics: Antianxiety drugs: o Example names of antianxieties: What is the criticism of antianxiety drugs? Antidepressant drugs: What other disorders are antidepressants used for? What neurotransmitters do antidepressants effect? What does SSRI stand for? What disorder are mood stabilizing drugs mostly used to treat? What is the name of the salt that is a mood stabilizer? B. Brain Stimulation Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): What is ECT used to treat today? Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS): What disorder is rTMS used to treat today? C. Psychosurgery Psychosurgery: Lobotomy: 103 What happened to people who had a lobotomy? 104 Unit XIV: Social Psychology Module 74: Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions Social Psychologists: Attribution Theory: Fundamental Attribution Error: o Example: What cultures do not make the fundamental attribution error as much? Self-serving bias (rewrite definition here because it belongs here too!): Attitudes: Give an example of how your attitude effects your actions. Peripheral route persuasion: o Example: Central route persuasion: o Example: 105 Foot-in-the-door phenomenon: o Example: Role: Summarize Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment. Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory: o Example: Module 75: Conformity and Obedience What is the chameleon effect? Conformity: Summarize Asch’s Conformity Experiments. List 4 reasons that make people more likely to conform. 106 Normative Social Influence: Informative Social Influence: Summarize Milgrim’s Obedience Experiments. Explain how the foot-in-the-door effect explains Milgrim’s experiment results. Module 76: Group Behavior Social Facilitation: Why do we perform better when other people are there? Social Loafing: What 3 things cause social loafing? Deindividuation: o Example: Group Polarization: 107 Groupthink: What is the difference between social control and personal control? What is minority influence? Culture: Norms: o Example: Module 77: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice: Prejudice is a 3 part mixture of: Stereotypes: Ethnocentrism: Discrimination: Give an example of how subtle prejudice lingers even though overt prejudice might be gone. Just-world phenomenon: o Example: 108 Ingroup: Outgroup: Ingroup Bias: Scapegoat Theory: o Example: Other-race effect: Hindsight bias (look up definition if have to): Module 78: Aggression Aggression: What are the 3 levels of biology involved in aggression? What parts of the brain are involved in human aggression? What chemical influences aggression? 109 Frustration-aggression principle: o Example: Social scripts: o Example: Explain the social script example of the rape myth. After reading about violent video games, what do you believe—do violent video games cause teenagers to become more violent? Module 79: Attraction Mere Exposure Effect: List 4 different aspects to attractiveness in all of the studies the book describes. What does the reward theory of attraction say? Passionate Love: 110 Companionate Love: Equity: Self-disclosure: Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking Altruism: Explain what happened to Kitty Genovese. Bystander Effect: Social Exchange Theory: Reciprocity Norm: Social-Responsibility Norm: Conflict: Social Traps: 111 Mirror-image perceptions: Self-fulfilling prophecy: o Example: When does it help to put conflict parties into close contact? Way to promote cooperation: Superordinate goals: GRIT strategy: 112