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Nom ____________________ Date _______________ Classe ___ French Object Pronouns Pronoms objets Object pronouns are those tricky little words in sentences that replace nouns affected by verbs. There are two types: 1) Direct object pronouns (pronoms objets directs) replace the people or things that receive the action of the verb in a sentence. 2) Indirect object pronouns (pronoms objets indirects) replace the people in a sentence to/for whom the action of the verb occurs. In addition, adverbial pronouns work in conjunction with the object pronouns: Y replaces à (or another preposition of place) + noun En replaces de + noun Reflexive pronouns also come into play, particularly when trying to figure out word order for double object pronouns. It is important to understand each of these concepts, because they are very commonly used and without them there is a certain "bulkiness" in French. Once you begin using object and adverbial pronouns, your French will sound a lot more natural. 1 A. French Direct Objects and Direct Object Pronouns Complément d'objet direct (COD) Direct objects are the people or things in a sentence which receive the action of the verb. To find the direct object in a sentence, ask the question Who? or What? I see Pierre. Je vois Pierre. Who do I see? Pierre. I'm eating the bread Je mange le pain. What am I eating? - Bread. Direct object pronouns are the words that replace the direct object, so that we don't say things like "Marie was at the bank today. When I saw Marie I smiled." It's much more natural to say "Marie was at the bank today. When I saw her I smiled." The French direct object pronouns are me / m' me te / t' you le / l' him, it la / l' her, it nous us vous you les them Me and te change to m' and t', respectively, in front of a vowel or mute H. Le and la both change to l'. Like indirect object pronouns, French direct object pronouns are placed in front of the verb. Traduisez: I'm eating it. __________________________ I love you. __________________________ He sees her. __________________________ You love me. ______________________ B. Agreement with French Compound Verbs Accord avec les verbes composés If you're familiar with the passé composé, you know that certain French verbs have to agree with their subjects. In addition, you may know that this is true for all compound verb tenses and moods. What you may not be aware of is that some verbs require agreement not with the subject of the sentence, but with the direct object. This issue of agreement can be rather tricky, so here is a thorough but (hopefully) accessible explanation. When dealing with French compound verb constructions, there are three kinds of agreement. 2 A. Agreement with subject 1. Être verbs When conjugating être verbs (aller, venir, tomber, etc.) in the passé composé or another compound verb form, the past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject of the sentence. Elle est allée. ____________________ Nous étions arrivés. ____________________ Elles sont venues. ____________________ Ils seront retournés. They will have returned. 2. Passive voice Likewise, verbs conjugated in the passive voice must agree in gender and number with their subject - not their agent. Les voitures sont lavées par mon fils. ________________________________________ Ma mère est aimée de tous mes amis. ________________________________________ Les livres sont lus par les étudiants. ________________________________________ B. Agreement with direct object Avoir verbs: The majority of French verbs are conjugated with avoir in the compound tenses and do not agree with their subjects. However, avoir verbs require agreement with their direct objects or direct object pronouns when these precede the verb. (There is no agreement when the direct object follows the verb or with an indirect object.) Il a vu Marie. / Il l'a vue. He saw Marie. / ____________________ Elle a acheté des livres. / Elle les a achetés. She bought some books. / ____________________ As-tu lu les livres que j'ai achetés? Have you read the books I bought. Tu avais perdu les clés. / Tu les avais perdues. You had lost the keys. / ____________________ J'ai trouvé les clés que tu avais perdues. I found the keys that you had lost. C. Agreement with direct object/subject Reflexive verbs: Reflexive verbs are a combination of all of the above. All reflexive verbs take être in the compound tenses, but the past participles do not necessarily agree with their subjects. When the 3 reflexive pronoun is the direct object of the sentence, the past participle must agree with it (the direct object and subject are one and the same). Elle s'est couchée à minuit. ________________________________________ Ils se sont arrêtés à la banque. ________________________________________ Ana, tu t'es lavée ? ________________________________________ D. Try these to practice: 1. Où est la plante que tu as _____ ? a. acheté 11. Guy nous a _____ travailler. a. fait b. achetée 12. Nous nous sommes _____ des histoires. 2. Les peintures que j'ai _____ hier sont très jolies. a. vu a. dit b. vues a. acheté b. trouvée 4. Elles ont _____ ensemble. a. travaillé b. achetée 14. Elle s'est _____ mal. b. travaillées a. fait 5. Son idée a été _____ par la comité. a. rejeté b. dits 13. Elle s'est _____ des vêtements. 3. J'ai perdu ma plume. L'as-tu _____ ? a. trouvé b. faits b. faite 15. Martine s'est _____ à 6h00. b. rejetée a. levé 6. Ma femme s'était déjà _____ à 5h00. b. levée 16. Sophie est _____. a. levé b. levée 7. Nous avons _____ des amis. a. tombé b. tombée 17. Je te présente Pauline, dont je t'ai _____ hier. a. vu b. vus a. parlé b. parlée 8. Nous nous sommes _____. 18. Elles sont _____ le même jour. a. habillé b. habillés a. né 9. Regarde Marie. Un étranger lui a _____ des bonbons. a. donné 19. Francine s'est _____ si c'était une bonne idée. a. demandé b. donnée b. demandée 20. Elles sont _____ de tout le monde. 10. Je les ai _____. a. mangé b. nées a. respecté b. mangés 4 b. respectées C. French Indirect Objects and Indirect Object Pronouns Complément d'objet indirect (COI) Indirect objects are the people or things in a sentence to or for whom/what* the action of the verb occurs. I'm talking to Pierre. Je parle à Pierre. To whom am I talking? To Pierre. He buys books for the students Il achète des livres pour les étudiants. For whom does he buy books? - For the students. *"For" only in the sense of a recipient (I bought the gift for you), not when it means "on behalf of" (he speaks for all the members). Indirect object pronouns are the words that replace the indirect object, and in French they can only refer to a person or other animate noun.(1) The French indirect object pronouns are me / m' me te / t' you lui him, her nous us vous you leur them Me and te change to m' and t', respectively, in front of a vowel or mute H. Like direct object pronouns, French indirect object pronouns are usually(2) placed in front of the verb. I'm talking to him. ________________________________ I'm giving the bread to you. ________________________________ He buys books for them. ________________________________ She wrote to me. ________________________________ * When deciding between direct and indirect objects, the general rule is that if the person or thing is preceded by the preposition à or pour, that person/thing is an indirect object.(1) If it's not preceded by a preposition, it is a direct object. (1) In English, an indirect object can be animate or inanimate. This is also true in French; however, an indirect object pronoun can replace the indirect object only when it is an animate noun: person or animal. When you have an indirect object that's not a person or animal, it can only be replaced with the adverbial pronoun y. So "pay attention to him" would be fais attention à lui, but "pay attention to it" (e.g., the program, my explanation) would be fais-y attention learn more. (2) With most verbs(3) and in most tenses and moods(4), when the indirect object pronoun is first or second person, it has to precede the verb: He's talking to me = Il me parle, not "Il parle à moi" When the pronoun refers to the third person, you can use a stressed pronoun after the verb and the preposition à in 5 order to stress the distinction between masculine and feminine: I'm talking to her = Je lui parle, à elle (3) In French, à plus a person can usually be replaced by an indirect object pronoun (COI): J'ai donné le livre à mon frère - Je lui ai donné le livre. I gave the book to my brother - I gave him the book. Il parle à toi et à moi - Il nous parle. He's talking to you and me - He's talking to us. (4) However, a few French verbs and expressions* do not allow a preceding indirect object pronoun, and what to use instead depends on whether the COI is a person or a thing. COI = Person When the indirect object is a person, you must keep the preposition à after the verb, and follow it with a stressed pronoun: Je pense à mes sœurs - Je pense à elles. I'm thinking about my sisters - I'm thinking about them. Wrong: xx Je leur pense xx Why is this wrong ? ___________________________________ Fais attention à ton prof - Fais attention à lui. Pay attention to your teacher - Pay attention to him. Wrong: xx Fais-lui attention xx Why is this wrong ? ________________________________ Il doit s'habituer à moi. (no change) He has to get used to me. Wrong: xx Il doit m'habituer xx Why is this wrong ? ________________________________ COI = Thing When the indirect object is a thing, you have two choices: You can either keep the preposition à as above but follow it with an indefinite demonstrative pronoun, or you can replace the preposition and indirect object with the adverbial pronoun y (which then precedes the verb): Je songe à notre jour de mariage - Je songe à cela, J'y songe. I'm dreaming about our wedding day - I'm dreaming about it. Wrong: xx Je lui songe xx Why is this wrong ? ___________________________________ Fais attention à la leçon - Fais attention à cela, Fais-y attention. Pay attention to the lesson - Pay attention to it. Wrong: xx Fais-lui attention xx Why is this wrong ? ________________________________ Il faut penser à tes responsabilités - Il faut penser à cela, Il faut y penser. Think about your responsibilities - Think about them. Wrong: xx Il faut lui penser xx Why is this wrong ? ________________________________ 6 *French verbs and expressions that don't allow a preceding indirect object pronoun en appeler à to appeal to, address penser à avoir affaire à _________________________ to have to deal with recourir à avoir recours à to have recourse to to have recourse to renoncer à croire à revenir à être à to give up, renounce ___________________________ _________________________ ___________________________ rêver à faire allusion à ___________________________ to allude to songer à faire appel à faire attention à s'habituer à to think, dream of to appeal to, address tenir à to be fond of, care about venir à ___________________________ ____________________ ________________________ Try these for practice: 1. Je donne quelque chose à elles. a. J'elles donne quelque chose b. Je leur donne quelque chose c. Je leurs donne quelque chose d. Je les donne quelque chose. 2. Je parle à mon frère. a. Je à lui parle b. Je lui parle c. J'il parle d. Je le parle. 3. Ils parlent à toi. a. Ils toi parlent b. Ils te parlent 4. Il faut faire attention aux détails. a. Il faut y faire attention b. Il faut leur faire attention c. Il faut leurs faire attention d. Il faut les faire attention 5. Je téléphone à Alice. a. Je à elle téléphone b. Je lui téléphone c. J'elle téléphone d. Je la téléphone. 7 c. Ils parlent toi 6. Il pense à Aimée. a. Il la pense b. Il lui pense c. Il elle pense d. Il pense à elle 7. Elle écrit souvent à nous. a. Elle à nous écrit souvent b. Elle écrit souvent nous c. Elle nous écrit souvent 8. Nous demandons à Lise et Agnès. a. Nous nous demandons b. Nous leurs demandons c. Nous leur demandons d. Nous leures demandons e. Nous elles demandons 9. Il répond à moi. a. Il moi répond b. Il me répond c. Il répond me b. Elle il conseille. c, Elle conseille lui. 10. Elle conseille au professeur. a. Elle lui conseille D. French Object Pronouns 1. Word order Object pronouns go in front of the verb in all* tenses, simple and compound. In compound tenses, the pronouns precede the auxiliary verb. But in dual-verb constructions, where there are two different verbs, the object pronouns go in front of the second verb. Traduisez. Simple tenses Je lui parle. - ________________________________ Il t'aime. - ________________________________ Nous le faisions. - ________________________________ Compound tenses Je lui ai parlé. - ________________________________ Il t'aurait aimé. – He would love you. Nous l'avons fait. - ________________________________ Dual-verb constructions Je dois lui parler. - ________________________________ Il peut t'aimer. - ________________________________ Nous détestons le faire. - ________________________________ 8 *Except the affirmative imperative Fais-le. - ________________________________ Aime-moi. - ________________________________ 2. Direct vs Indirect Objects If you have trouble figuring out whether something is a direct or indirect object, consider these rules: a) A person or thing not preceded by a preposition is a direct object. J'ai acheté le livre. > Je l'ai acheté. I bought the book. > I bought it. b) A person preceded by the preposition à or pour* is an indirect object J'ai acheté un livre pour Paul - Je lui ai acheté un livre. I bought a book for Paul - I bought him a book. *Pour only in the sense of a recipient (Je l'ai acheté pour toi > Je te l'ai acheté), not when it means "on behalf of" (Il parle pour nous). c) A person preceded by any other preposition cannot be replaced by an object pronoun J'ai acheté le livre de Paul. > Je l'ai acheté (but "de Paul" is lost) I bought Paul's book. > I bought it. d) A thing preceded by any preposition can't be replaced by an object pronoun in French: Je l'ai acheté pour mon bureau. > "Bureau" cannot be replaced by an object pronoun I bought it for my office. More examples: J'ai dit la vérité à toi et Marie > Je vous ai dit la vérité. - I told you and Marie the truth > I told you (both) the truth. When the indirect objects toi et Marie are replaced by vous, there is no preposition visible. However, if you look up the verb dire in the dictionary, it will say something like "to tell someone something" = dire quelque chose à quelqu'un. Thus the French preposition is implied and the person you are telling ("you") is in fact an indirect object while the thing being told ("the truth") is the direct object. J'écoute la radio. > Je l'écoute. - ___________________________ > _______________________ Even though there is a preposition in English, the French verb écouter means "to listen to" - it is not followed by a preposition and thus in French "radio" is a direct object while in English it is an indirect object. 3. Pronoms objets - Position et ordre Word order for most tenses and moods me te se nous vous le la les lui y leur 9 en Try these for practice: Test what you’ve learned by rewriting the following sentences using pronouns in place of the nouns. You should replace two nouns in each sentence Feel free to look back at the lesson. 1. Je parle de la politique à ma sœur. ______________________________________________________________ 2. J'amène mon copain à la fête. ______________________________________________________________ 3. Tu lis le livre à ton frère ? ______________________________________________________________ 4. Il donne les devoirs à son prof. ______________________________________________________________ 5. Nous écrivons la lettre à nos parents. ______________________________________________________________ 6. Give us the present. ______________________________________________________________ 7. They see you guys at the beach. ______________________________________________________________ 8. You are telling me the truth. ______________________________________________________________ 9. Tell me the answer. ______________________________________________________________ 10. He's giving it to them. ______________________________________________________________ 10