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Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ Biology Spring Semester Final Review Guide 2012 **This is due, completed, on Wednesday May 23. It is worth 55 points.** Helpful Information: 1. Test is about 75 multiple choice questions. Be ready with pencil on the day of the test. 2. Topics that will be covered: History of Life (chapter 12), The theory of evolution (chapter 13), Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration (chapter 5), Populations (chapter 15), Ecosystems (chapter 16), Biologic Communities (chapter 17), Classification (Chapter 14), Kingdoms (chapter 19), Viruses and Bacteria (chapter 20), Protists (chapter 21), Fungi (chapter 22), Plants (chapters 22, 23, 25, 26), Animals (chapter 27) 3. Study ALL lab book pages and review ALL handouts/labs! 4. You will be allowed to have one index card for use on your final exam. It must be no larger than a 4”x6” index card. It can have writing on both sides. Information on the card must be hand written and cannot be typed. It will be collected at the end of the exam. 5. Recommended vocabulary is below. You DO NOT need to define all vocabulary words as part of this assignment. Scientific Method Qualitative Quantitative Inference Observation Hypothesis Prediction Biology Metabolism Homeostasis Heredity Mutation History of Life adaptation arthropod extinction fossil gradualism half-life mass extinction microsphere natural selection population punctual equilibrium radio isotope radiometric dating reproductive isolation vertebrate Evolution archaebacteria continental drift cyanobacteria divergence endosymbiosis eubacteria homologous structure mutualism mycorrhizae paleontologist protist speciation subspecies vestigial structure Photo and CR Anaerobic respiration Cellular respiration Fermentation Glycolysis Lactic acid fermentation ATP ADP Krebs cycle Aerobic respiration Election transport Mitochondria Biochemical pathway Carotenoid Chlorophyll Light reaction Photosynthesis Pigment Stroma Populations, Ecosystems and Communities Ecology Community Habitat Ecosystem Population Producer Consumer Trophic level Food chain Food web Herbivores Carnivores Omnivores Decomposer Primary productivity Biomass Evaporation Transpiration Ground water Respiration Combustion Erosion Fossil fuel Nitrogen fixation Classification Binomial nomenclature Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom Domain Kingdoms Tissue Organ Organ system Protest Hypha Invertebrate Vertebrate Viruses and Bacteria Virus Pathogen Capsid Envelope Glycoprotein Bacteriophage Lytic Lysogenic Bacillus Coccus Spirillum Capsule Antibiotic Conjugation Protists Algae Flagellates Molds Sporozoans Fungi Hyphae Mycelium Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Septa Lichen Plants Stoma Guard cell Seed Embryo Flower Phloem Xylem Root Monocot Dicot Pollination Cotyledon Sepal Stamen Anther Pistil Ovary Filament Stigma Style Animals Asymmetrical Radial symmetry Bilateral symmetry Dorsal Ventral Anterior posterior 1 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 1. What is the definition of the Theory of Evolution? 2. The finches Darwin studied differed in the shape of their beaks. What did Darwin infer from this observation? 3. According to Darwin’s theory of natural selection, which individuals tend to survive? 4. What is Lamark’s theory of evolution? 5. If fruit fly wings were clipped short what would their offspring look like according to Lamark? 6. Why are modern day insecticides and antibacterial products no longer working? (hint think about the lab we did) 7. Natural resources on Earth are limited, therefore what must organisms do to survive? 8. What are the 4 tenets of natural selection? Why is each one necessary? 9. What are homologous structures? 10. What are vestigial structures? 11. What do similar genetic sequences between different species suggest? 12. What is an embryological comparison? 13. What is acclimation? 14. What is adaptation? 15. What is the difference between acclimation and adaptation? 2 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 16. What is divergence in relation to evolution? 17. In the above diagram what are the pictures of shells called? In the above diagram, which organisms are the simplest? Which are the most complex? In the above diagram, which layer is the oldest? Which is the youngest? 18. What is a cladogram? Rhesus Monkey Cladogram Snapping Turtle Kangaroo Bullfrog Placenta Tuna Human Foramen magnum forward + short canine teeth Mammary glands Lamprey Amnion Paired legs Paired appendage + spinal column Dorsal Nerve cord + notochord 19. What information can you learn from a cladogram? Based on the cladogram, what do the Snapping Turtle and Monkey have in common? Based on the cladogram, which organisms have mammary glands? 3 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 20. What is the process where plants capture sun energy and make complex molecules? 21. Why is chlorophyll green? 22. What is the equation for photosynthesis? 23. What is the equation for cellular respiration? 24. Where does photosynthesis occur? 25. Where does cellular respiration occur? Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis Rate of photosynthesis 26. A B Which graph(s) would represent the effect of temperature on photosynthesis? C Which graph(s) would represent the effect of sunlight on photosynthesis? Which graph(s) would represent the effect of carbon dioxide on photosynthesis? 27. What products of photosynthesis are used in cellular respiration? 28. Which organisms perform cellular respiration? 29. In order for aerobic respiration to happen what molecule must be present? 4 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 30. Which geochemical cycle is the following diagram representing? In the above diagram Label the process for each Q, R, S and T. 31. Which process is the following diagram representing? Which processes will remove carbon from the atmosphere? Which processes will put carbon into the atmosphere? 32. What are the processes of the nitrogen cycle? 33. What is the source of ALL energy in a terrestrial ecosystem? 34. Which organisms in the food web are producers? 35. Which organisms in the food web are primary consumers? 36. Which organisms in the food web are secondary consumers? 5 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 37. Which best describes what happens to the nutrients in an organism’s body when it dies? 38. Write an example of a simple food chain. 39. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? 40. Why are plants the first trophic level? 41. Frogs rely on grasshoppers as a food source. Grasshoppers eat plants. What would happen to the frogs if the grasshoppers plant source was killed off? Sketch a food chain of this situation and describe the effects of the situation. 42. What is carrying capacity? 43. What would happen to a population if it exceeded (went over) carrying capacity? Explain. 44. Describe two ways a population can increase in size. 45. Describe two ways a population can decrease in size 46. Place the following in order of ecological organization: community, ecosystem, organism, population, biosphere 6 Name: _____________________________________ Kenya Date: ________ U.S.A Period: ___ Germany Use the graph provided to answer the following 3 questions: 47. Explain what the graph is representing. 48. In 40 years in Germany, what profession will be in high demand? How do you know? 49. Which country will the population expect to increase drastically in the future? Use the following image to the right to answer the next question: 50. Explain the role of the following organisms in this food web. Explain the prey and predators for each and also whether they are producers or level of consumer. a. Penguin- b. Seal7 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 51. What is the original source of energy in this web? 52. What is the difference between an autotroph and a heterotroph? Provide an example of an organism for each. 53. Explain the following type of relationships: a. Commensalism: b. Mutualism: c. Parasitism: Classification 54. Name TWO differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. 55. Label the following either a prokaryote or eukaryote: a. Bacteria- Fungi- b. Archae - Protists- c. Plants- Animals- 56. Who came up with binomial nomenclature? 57. What is binomial nomenclature? 58. Place the following classification categories in order from most broad to most specific order, genus, class, kingdom, phylum, species, family 59. Label the following shapes of bacteria: 8 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ Use the image for the next 2 questions. 60. Explain how the structures help each of the above organisms move. i. Organism Aii. Organism Biii. Organism C61. Which of the above organisms is a(n): iv. Parameciumv. Amoeba62. The protists “Euglenids” are green in color. What conclusions can you draw about this organism’s process of meeting its energy needs? 63. How do fungi gain energy? What structures do they have to help them do so? 64. Why are fungi crucial to an ecosystem? 65. Provided the following descriptions, identify the kingdom you would find these organisms. B. unicellular, autotrophic, and has a nucleus C. unicellular, autotrophic, lacking a nucleus – D. multi-cellular, heterotrophic, nucleusE. unicellular, no nucleus, flagellaF. unicellular, nucleus, flagella- 9 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 66. Identify the cycle this virus is undergoing. 67. How is the lysogenic cycle different from the lytic cycle? 68. What does “invertebrate” mean? 69. Explain the difference between radial symmetry and bilateral symmetry. SKETCH an image of organism for each type. 70. What phylum are each of the following organisms found: a. Segmented wormsb. Fishc. Squid/Octopusd. Frogs71. What type of organisms have an open circulatory system? 72. What type of organisms have an closed circulatory system? 73. Identify the phylums with the following characteristics: a. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, mantle, 3 heartsb. vertebrate, gills, 2-chambered heart, bilateral symmetryc. invertebrate, bilateral symmetry, septad. vertebrate, lungs, 3-chambered heart 10 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 74. Circle THE characteristic that ALL animals have in common a. bilateral symmetry autotrophic diploid cells no backbone Plants/Flowers 75. What structures transport water within a plant? 76. What structures transport nutrients within a plant? 77. What characteristics differ between monocots and dicots? Fill in the table below: a. Monocots Dicots 78. What is the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination? 79. Identify the structures of the flower: a. ab. bc. cd. de. ef. fg. g- 11 Name: _____________________________________ Date: ________ Period: ___ 80. Describe the purpose of the following structures: a. Antherb. Stigmac. Petalsd. Sepals- 81. What needs to happen for fertilization to take place once a flower receives the pollen? 12