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MCA REVIEW PART II: INTERDEPENDENCE AMONG LIVING SYSTEMS Ecology Standard 1.1-2: The interrelationship and interdependence of organisms generate dynamic biological communities in ecosystems. Ecology Terms (pg 372-380): Ecology: the study of the interactions among living things and their surroundings Population: a group of the same species that lives in one area Community: a group of different species that live together in the same area Ecosystem: includes all of the organisms as well as the climate, soil, water, rocks, and other nonliving things in an area Biodiversity: the variety of living things in an ecosystem Keystone Species: a species that has an unusually large effect on an ecosystem Ecology Carrying Capacity is the maximum number of individuals of a particular species that the environment can consistently support. Resource availability gives structure to a community in an ecosystem. 1. What resources do species compete over that affect the carrying capacity of an ecosystem? Food, Water, Shelter 2. What is competitive exclusion? When two species are competing for the same resources, one species will be better suited to the niche, and the other species will be pushed into another niche or become extinct. a. What are two outcomes of competitive exclusion? Identify AND describe each one. 1. Niche Partitioning: when two species naturally divide different resources based on competitive advantages. 2. Evolutionary Response: the two species could experience divergent evolution When closely related species evolve in different directions and become increasingly different Ecological Interactions 3. Describe/define each type of interaction below, give an example, and indicate whether the interaction is +/+, +/-, or +/o a. Predation: when one organism captures and feeds upon another organism +/b. Symbiosis: a close ecological relationship between two or more organisms of different species that live in direct contact with one another 1. Mutualism: an interspecies interaction in which both organisms benefit +/+ 2. Commensalism: a relationship between two organisms in which one receives an ecological benefit, while the other neither benefits nor is harmed 3. Parasitism: one organism benefits while the other is harmed. Population – Natural Limits 4. Changes in a population’s size are determined by what four factors? Describe each one. 1. Immigration: the movement of individuals into a population from another population 2. Births/Natality 3. Emigration: the movement of individuals out of a population and into another population 4. Deaths/Fatality Population Growth Types 5. Again, population growth is based on available resources. What are two types of population growth? Explain and draw a labeled graph for each type. 1. Exponential Growth: when a population size increases dramatically over a period of time. 2. Logistic Growth: when a population begins with a period of slow growth followed by a brief period of exponential growth before leveling off at a stable size. Limiting Factors 6. Read about carrying capacity on pg 416. Populations will rise and fall as a result of what? As a result, what naturally controls the size of a population? The Environment 7. What is a limiting factor? A factor that has the greatest effect in keeping down the size of a population Limiting Factors 8. What are two categories of limiting factors? Give examples of each one. a. Density-dependent Factor: limiting factors affected by the # of individuals in a given area 1. Predation 2. Competition 3. Parasitism and Disease b. Density-independent Factor: aspects of the environment that limit a population’s growth regardless of the density of the population 1. Unusual Weather 2. Natural Disasters 3. Human Activity Matter and Energy Standard 2.1-2: Matter cycles and energy flows through different levels of organization of living systems and the physical environment, as chemical elements are combined in different ways. Matter and Energy Pg 94-96. The need for energy is a characteristic of ALL living things. 1. What is the major energy molecule used for most cell processes? ATP It transfers energy from the breakdown of food molecules to cell processes? Matter and Energy 2. Define AND write the chemical equation for Photosynthesis. Label which side of the equation includes the reactants and which side includes the products. Pg 97-99. Photosynthesis: the process that captures energy from sunlight to make sugars that store chemical energy. 3. What is the name of the primary pigment molecule involved in photosynthesis and what does it do? Chlorophyll – absorbs energy 4. What types of organisms do photosynthesis? Producers/Plants Matter and Energy 5. Define AND write the chemical equation for Cell Respiration. Label which side of the equation includes the reactants and which side includes the products. Pg 107-109. Cell Respiration: releases chemical energy from sugars and other carbon-based molecules to make ATP 6. What types of organisms do cell respiration? Plants, Animals, Other Eukaryotes Connecting…. 7. Why is cell respiration like a mirror image of photosynthesis? Because they are essentially the opposite/reverse of one another 8. Explain how the image below shows that photosynthesis and cell respiration are related. -Chloroplasts absorb energy and build sugars, O2 is released as a waste product -Mitochondria break down sugars to release energy, water and CO2 are released Matter and Energy 9. From your big arrow diagram, explain how matter cycles: Matter changes form but does not disappear, it can be used over and over again in a continuous cycle. Ex: Crushed rock Sand Minerals 10. From your big arrow diagram, explain how energy cycles. How much energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next? Energy cycles from one trophic level to the next Ex: Sun Producers Consumers Only 10% of available energy is transferred from one trophic level to the next. 11. From your big arrow diagram, producers and consumer play an important role in ecosystems. What other type of organism play a particularly important role. Why are they so important? Detritivores/Decomposers: help return dead and decaying materials back into useable materials (minerals)