Download Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering (24 questions)

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Second Semester Final Exam
Study guide
Chapter 13: Genetic Engineering (24 questions)
Vocab: Plasmid, selective breeding, recombinant DNA. Polyploidy, genome, hybrid,
inbreeding, hybridization, mutations, clone
1. What is the importance of selective breeding? What is does it produce…that is, what is
the goal?
2. Why would breeders induce mutations in organisms?
3. Understand the process of gel electrophoresis. See diagram 13-6 in your text. Which set
of fragments move the fastest? What is the benefit of this process? What are the results?
4. What is a plasmid?
5. What is PCR? What does it produce?
6. What is a clone? What makes Dolly a clone?
7. What is often used as a genetic marker in plasmids?
8. What kind of cells where used to make Dolly?
9. Understand figure 13-9? What is the first step?
10. What would you find in a transformed bacterium… see diagram 13-9 in your text.
11. What is the benefit of polyploidy in plants? What does this cause?
12. What is the ultimate source of genetic variability?
13. What is the advantage of using transgenic bacteria to produce human proteins?
14. What does knowing the sequence of an organism’s DNA allows researchers to do?
15. What makes up your complete DNA sequence (vocab term)
16. What are sticky ends? DNA fragments? Clones? Restriction enzymes? Which of these
terms includes the others
17. What happens during transformation?
18. When reading DNA sequences? Which one is NOT used? (cut DNA, separate DNA
fragments, fluorescent dyes, double stranded DNA?_
19. What process would most likely bring two recessive alleles together for a genetic defect?
(vocab term)
20. Compare and contrast hybridization and inbreeding? What are the benefits and
disadvantages of both?
Chapter 14: The Human Genome (32 questions)
Vocab: non-disjunction, autosomes, sex-chromosomes, Codominance, karyotype
1. What are linked genes?
2. What is the purpose of gene therapy?
3. What is the purpose of the human genome project?
4. In terms of genes, what role do environmental factors play?
5. Why is colorblindness is more common in males than females?
6. Human egg cells contain what type of sex chromosome?
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NAME: ________________________________
7. What does a karyotype show?
8. A change in a single gene causes the protein called CFTR to ____________.
9. Where are sex-linked genes located?
10. What does DNA fingerprinting work? That is, why is it used in criminal cases to prove
innocence or guilt?
11. How does a person with PKU inherit this disease?
12. What is Tay-Sachs? How is it inherited, Who may be at risk?
13. What is Rh factor, what is the gene interaction, that is, how is it inherited?
14. What is Sickle-cell disease, what is the gene interaction, and who may be at risk?
15. What is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy? How is it inherited? Who may be at risk?
16. Be able to determine blood types of offspring, given the parental phenotypes…Punnett
square crosses with blood types.
17. Be able to determine who can get what type of blood as a successful transfusion? Who
can give to who, etc?
18. Be able to read and interpret a pedigree…see 14-3 in your text. Be able to read the
phenotype and genotype of people in the pedigree.
19. What is Klinfelter’s syndrome, what would the karyotype look like?
20. How many autosomes do humans have? What chromosome numbers are the autosomes?
Chapter 15: Darwin’s Theory of Evolution (23 questions)
Vocab: evolution, fitness, natural selection, descent with modification, acquired traits,
diversity, adaptation.
1. Darwin could explain evolution very well, but he could not explain the mechanism by
which traits are passed from parent to offspring? How come?
2. What is evolution?
3. What is artificial selection?
4. What did Hutton and Lyell’s work suggest? Why was it important to Darwin’s ideas?
5. What are the ideas of Lamarck?
6. Give examples of homologous structures…relate this to embryo structure?
7. What do adaptations have to do with fitness?
8. How long after returning from his voyage, did Darwin publish his book?
9. What was Darwin’s concept of evolution not influenced by? HINT: think of the nucleic
acids?
10. Which is not included in the modern theory of evolution? (common decent, natural
selection, acquired traits, competition—survival of the fittest)
11. What did the economist Malthus suggest? How does this relate to Darwin’s ideas?
12. Understand Darwin’s ideas of evolution, and his explanation of why change over time
occurs.
13. An adaptation is a characteristic that can be physical or ______________________.
14. What did Darwin observe in the Galapagos? What did he notice about the finches and
tortoises in terms of habitat?
15. What is the probability that a sperm will contain an X chromosome?
16. What disease is caused by a dominant allele?
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NAME: ________________________________
17. What is non-disjunction? What conditions are results of this process? What
chromosomes are affected?
18. Why are people with sickle-cell disease usually healthy?
19. Be able to do sex-linked punnett square crosses...such as colorblindness. Be able to
determine parent genotypes and probability of offspring.
20. Give an example of characteristics that are determined by multiple alleles?
Chapter 16: Evolution of Populations (26 questions)
Vocab: temporal isolation, geographical isolation, natural selection, behavioral
isolation, genetic drift,
1. What is the importance of geographic isolation when it comes to forming new species?
2. A new species cannot form without what major process? See above question.
3. What is it called when alleles frequencies remain constant?
4. What are the Galapagos finches an excellent example of?
5. The manifestation of genetic drift that follows the colonization of a new habitat by a few
individuals is called ____________________.
6. Members of a population can ____________, which is not possible if they are separated.
7. How many phenotypes can polygenic traits have? How many genotypes?
8. How many phenotypes do single-gene traits have?
9. What does natural selection directly act on?
10. What is a random change in alleles frequency?
11. What are some examples of polygenic traits in humans?
12. What type of graph is represented by polygenic inheritances?
13. Be able to understand the Hardy-Weinberg formulas and what each variable represents p
+ q = 1, and p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
14. Know the hardy-Weinberg rules or genetic equilibrium. Any violation of these rules will
result in evolution…see page 402. Several questions regarding this 5 rules!
15. What are gene pools? What do they contain? Remember gene pool frequencies are not
changed by sexual reproduction.
16. If mountains, and streams separate organisms, what type of isolation is this?
17. Know the different types of selection (disruptive, directional, and stabilizing) and the
graphs that represent each. See pages 398-399 in your text.
18. Gene shuffling occurs with independent assortment and what other process during
meisosis I?
19. If a mutation affects an organisms fitness, then what else must it also affect?
Chapter 17: The history of life (24 questions)
Vocab:convergent evolution, index fossil, endosymbiant hypothesis, absolute dating,
HOX genes.radioactive dating, adaptive radiation
1. What portion of all species that ever lived has become extinct?
2. What does the fossil record show?
3. What 2 poisonous gases existed in the early Earth’s atmosphere?
4. How did the organisms respond when the oxygen levels started to rise in the atmosphere?
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NAME: ________________________________
5. A single species that gives rise to several other species has undergone _____________
______________ (2 words).
6. Why is mass extinction followed by rapid evolution? Think of the dinosaurs and
mammals.
7. What are the divisions of the geologic time scale from smallest to largest?
8. What happened to the moderately dense materials that floated to the surface of the early
earth?
9. What did Miller and Urey’s experiment try to simulate?
10. What was the first organism on the earth?
11. What is an important reason that organic molecules do not form on their own and remain
intact today?
12. If 2 animals share bilateral symmetry, what type of gene must they share?
13. What was the Earth like before the oceans formed?
14. What was a necessary condition for the evolution of life on Earth?
15. Be able to interpret and analyze a graph illustrating radioactive decay. See figure 17- 4 in
your text.
16. What 2 important characteristics make up an index fossil
17. What is adaptive radiation also known as?
18. What is the process by which two species evolve in response to each other?
19. How does the presence of mitochondria and chloroplasts explain the endosymbiant
hypothesis? And, how does it explain the how eukaryotic cells came to be?
Chapter 18: Classification (24 questions)
Vocab: convergent evolution, taxon, taxonomy, Domain, Kingdom
1. KNOW the table on page 459 in your text. VERY IMPORTANT!
2. For example: What type of cell does an animal have, what is its domain, what is its mode
of nutrition, how many cells? Know these characteristics for each kingdom!!!!
3. What is the most general and largest category in Linnaeus’s system?
4. What do all organisms have in common?
5. What domain contains unicellular organisms that live in extreme environments?
6. What does the presence of homologous genes in very dissimilar organism imply?
7. Why in Linnaeus’ time where scientific names problematic?
8. An analysis of derived characteristics is used to generate a __________________.
9. What is the kingdom Monera? What 2 kingdoms used to make the kingdom Monera?
10. How have similarities between distantly related organisms been produced by (vocab)
11. In taxonomy, what is each group at any level referred to as?
12. What is taxonomy?
13. How is the genus and species written?
14. What does the 3-domain system acknowledge the fundamental differences between?
Prokaryotes, Eukaryotes, protests, plants
15. A genus is composed of related _____________.
16. There are often regional differences in a species’ _____________________.
17. What 2 domains contain only unicellular organisms?
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NAME: ________________________________
Chapter 19: Bacteria ad Viruses (21 questions)
Vocab: pathogen, virus, methanogens, lytic cycle, cocci, bacilli, spirilla, binary fission
1. What is the difference between staph, strep?
2. What are the structures of viruses, what are the made of?
3. What does virus mean?
4. How do viruses cause disease?
5. What are certain cancer-causing viruses known as?
6. What are the results of Gram stains? What are the different colors and what do the colors
mean?
7. What are the 3 ways that bacteria are identified?
8. Know the different types of bacterial shapes and their names?
9. What is a prophage made out of?
10. Where would you find nitrogen-fixing bacteria?
11. What happens to the host cell in a lytic infection?
12. How do lytic and lysogenic viral life cycles differ?
13. What term is used to describe bacterial replication?
14. What is the virus’s outer coat made out of and what is it called?
15. Know diagram 19-2 in your text. What is the diagram of?
16. What are the major differences between Archaebacteria and Eubacteria?
17. What are bacteria that cause disease known as?
18. What are Bacteria that can survive with or without oxygen are known as?
Chapter 3: The Biosphere (26 questions)
Vocab: consumer, producers, herbivore, decomposer, ecosystem, population,
community, water-cycle.
1. How does matter cycle through the biosphere?
2. What is the simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism?
3. What is the original source of most of the energy on earth?
4. What is an herbivore?
5. What organic molecule in living systems is nitrogen needed?
6. What happens in a lake that will produce an algal bloom?
7. What is nitrogen fixation?
8. How are plants and chemosynthetic bacteria similar? Think of the photosynthesis
equation?
9. What 3 methods do ecologists use to study the living world?
10. What is an organism that cannot make its own food called? ___________and
___________________
11. What type of organism does not need sunlight yet can make its own food?
12. What happens to 90% of the energy as it travels from one tropic level to the next?
13. What is a food web?
14. List the ways carbon is stored in the biosphere:
15. Why is phosphorous so important to living systems? What molecules contains 3
phosphate groups?
16. How does energy and nutrients differ in an ecosystem?
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NAME: ________________________________
17. What are organisms that break down food and feed on wastes and dead animals?
18. Understand the flow of energy in a food chain. Given a food chain, be able to determine
the producer, consumers (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) etc.
19. What is a detritivore. Give and an example.
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