Download Chapter 13 Objectives

Chapter 13 Objectives
1. Explain why organisms only reproduce their own kind, and why offspring more closely
resemble their parents than unrelated individuals of the same species.
Organisms only reproduce from their own kind and offspring resemble to their
parents is because of heredity
3. Distinguish between asexual and sexual reproduction.
Know from PowerPoint presentation, slide 3
4. Diagram the human life cycle and indicate where in the human body that mitosis and
meiosis occur; which cells are the result of meiosis and mitosis; and which cells are
haploid.
Know from PowerPoint presentation, slide 4
5. Distinguish among the life cycle patterns of animals, fungi, and plants.
Animals: Gametes are haploid cells, Meiosis occurs during gamete production.
The resulting gametes undergo no further cell division before fertilization, Fertilization
produces a diploid zygote that divides by mitosis to produce a multicellular animal.
Fungi: Diploid state is zygote, meiosis occurs immediately after the zygote
forms, resulting haploid cells divide by mitosis to produce a haploid multcellular
organism, gametes are produced by mitosis from the already haploid organism.
Plants: Alternate between multicellular haploid and diploid generations, the type
of life cycle is called alternation of generations. The muticellulat depliod stage is called
sporophyte or sore producing plant. Meiosis in this stage produces haploid cells called
spores. Haploid spores divide mitotically to generate a multicellular haploid stage called
gametophyte, or gamete-producing plants. Hapliod getophytes produce gametes by
mitosis. Fertilization produces a diploid zygote, which develops into he next sporophyte
generation.
6. List the phases of meiosis I and meiosis II and describe the events characteristic of
each phase.
Know from Cliffs Notes
7. Recognize the phases of meiosis from diagrams or micrographs.
Know from PowerPoint presentation
9. Describe the process of synapsis during prophase I, and explain how genetic
recombination occurs.
During this process homologues chromosomes come together as pairs.
10. Describe key differences between mitosis and meiosis; explain how the end result of
meiosis differs from that of mitosis.
Know from Cliff notes
Chapter 14 Objectives
5. State, in your own words, Mendel's law of segregation.
The main idea of Mendel’s law of segregation is that the two alleles for a
character are package into separate gametes
6. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a monohybrid cross and state the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation.
Know from our AP Biology Book.
7. Distinguish between genotype and phenotype; heterozygous and homozygous;
dominant and recessive.
Genotype: organism genetic makeup
Phenotype: organism expressed traits.
Heterozygous: having two different alleles for a trait
Homozygous: having two identical alleles for a given trait.
Dominant: the allele is fully expressed in the phenotype
Recessive: the allele is completely masked in the phenotype
8. Explain how a testcross can be used to determine if a dominant phenotype is
homozygous or heterozygous.
Know from PowerPoint image 14.6
13. State, in your own words, Mendel's law of independent assortment.
Each pair of alleles segregates into gametes independently.
14. Use a Punnett square to predict the results of a dihybrid cross and state the
phenotypic and genotypic ratios of the F2 generation.
Know from PowerPoint image 14.7
16. Give an example of incomplete dominance and explain why it is not evidence for the
blending theory of inheritance.
Red flowers (RR) with white flowers (rr) will give pink flowers (Rr). It is not
evident for the blending theory of inheritance because alleles maintain their integrity in
the heterozygous and segregate during gamete formation.
18. Describe the inheritance of the ABO blood system and explain why the IA and IB
alleles are said to be codominant.
Know from Campbell Review online
19. Define and give examples of pleiotropy.
Pleitropy is the ability of one single gene to have multiples phenotypic events. An
example of this is the Siamese cats.
20. Explain, in their own words, what is meant by "one gene is epistatic to another."
When the gene at one locus affects the phenotype of the other.
23. Describe how environmental conditions can influence the phenotypic expression of a
character.
Environmental conditions may cause that a ingle genotype may produce a range
of phenotypes.
Chapter 15 Objectives
4. Define linkage and explain why linkage interferes with independent assortment
Linkages are genes that are located in the same chromosomes and tend to inherit
together.
6. Explain how crossing over can unlink genes.
The exchange of parts of homologues chromosomes breaks linkages in parental
chromosomes and forms recombinants in new alleles combination.
10. Describe sex determination in humans.
Sex is determined by the 23rd chromosome.
14. Distinguish among nondisjunction, aneuploidy, and polyploidy; explain how these major
chromosomal changes occur and describe the consequences.
Nondisjunction: An accident of meiosis or mitosis, in which both members of a pair
of homologous chromosomes or both sisters chromatids fail to move apart properly.
Aneuploidy: a chromosomal aberration in which certain chromosomes are present in
extra copies or are defined in numbers.
Polypliody: A chromosomal alteration in which the organism possesses more than
two chromosomes set
16. Distinguish among deletions, duplications, translocations, and inversions.
Deletion: A deficit of a chromosome resulting from a loss of a fragment trough
breakage.
Duplication: An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error of
meiosis or mutagents; duplication of a portion of a chromosome resulting from fusion
with a fragment from a homologous chromosome.
Translocation: An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error of
meiosis or mutagents; attachment of a chromosomal fragment to a nonhomologuos
chromosome.
Inversion: An aberration in chromosome structure resulting from an error of
meiosis or mutagents; reattachment in a reverse orientation of a chromosomal fragment to
the chromosome from which the fragment originated.