Download When To Use the Subjunctive Mood

Español IV
Libro-Realidades 2
El 11 de diciembre 2013
Hora III y Hora IV
Homework located at the bottom of this site
More test make ups this week
CAPÍTULO 8A
El 11
de diciembre
2013
META
1. El Subjuntivo explicado- The present Subjunctive Mood reviewed
again. Details of uses demonstrated below…
2. La practica del subjuntivo- a continuar
Realidades 2 página 413 y página 414
Actividades 17 y 18 en repaso!
Actividad 19
19 and finish for homework!
El Subjuntive I
Wish
Hope desire want
Doubt…. These conditions bring you into the
use of the subjunctive mood
Present Subjunctive- basically uses a subject
in the main clause
When To Use the
Subjunctive Mood
Subjunctive Contrasts With the
Indicative Mood
Subjunctive? Indicative? Mood? What in the
world do those mean?
First of all, the mood (sometimes called the
mode) of the verb expresses either the
speaker's attitude toward the verb or
describes how it is used in the sentence.
The most common mood, the indicative
mood, is used to refer to what is real, to
state facts, to make declarations. For
example, the verb in "Leo el libro" (I am
reading the book) is in the indicative mood.
The subjunctive mood is typically used in
such a way that the verb's meaning relates to
how the speaker feels about it. In the
sentence "Espero que esté feliz" (I hope that
she is happy), the second verb (esté or "is")
may or may not be reality; what is important
here is the speaker's attitude toward the final
half of the sentence.
Another way of expressing the concept is that
the indicative expresses reality or what is
believed to be reality. But the subjunctive is
used for different purposes:
It expresses facts that are contrary to
reality. It expresses doubt that something is
or will be a fact. It expresses how a person
feels about a possible action or state of
being. It expresses a wish, intent or
command for a possible action or state of
being.
It is usually used in subordinate clauses
that begin with que or si, although in some
sentences (such as simple sentences
expressing doubt), a subjunctive verb can be
the main verb in the sentence.
How the subjunctive is used can best be seen
through examples of various uses:


Quiero que no tengas frío. (I want you to
be not cold.) It's irrelevant whether the
person is cold or not. The sentence
expresses a wish, not reality.
Siento que tengas frío. (I'm sorry you're
cold.) The sentence expresses the
speaker's emotions about a perceived
reality. What is important in this sentence
is the speaker's feelings, not whether the
other person is cold.



Te doy mi chaqueta para que no tengas
frío. (I'm giving you my coat so you won't
be cold.) The sentence expresses the
speaker's intent, not necessarily reality.
Se permite que lleven chaquetas allí.
(People are allowed to wear jackets
there.) The phrase expresses
permission for an action to take place.
Di a ella que lleve una chaqueta. (Tell her
to wear her jacket.) Expresses a
command or wish of the speaker.



No hay nadie que tenga frío. (Nobody is
cold.) Expression of negation of the
action in a subordinate clause.
Tal vez tenga frío. (Perhaps he is cold.)
This is an expression of doubt.
Si yo fuera un rico, tocaría el violín. (If I
were a rich man, I would play the fiddle.)
This is an expression of a statement
contrary to fact.
Here are some examples of sentences
showing differences between the indicative
and subjunctive.

Indicative: Es cierto que sale tarde. (It
is definitely leaving late.)




Subjunctive: Es imposible que salga
tarde. Es probable que salga tarde. It is
impossible that it is leaving late. It is
likely that it will leave late.
Explanation: The indicative is used to
express perceived reality, while the
subjunctive is used to express doubt,
negation or mere probability.
Indicative: Busco el carro barato que
funciona. (I'm looking for the cheap car
that works.)
Subjunctive: Busco un carro barato que
funcione. (I'm looking for a cheap car
that works.)




Explanation: In the first example, the
speaker knows that there is a car that
matches the description, so the indicative
is used as an expression of reality. In the
second example, there is doubt that such
a car exists, so the subjunctive is used.
Indicative: Creo que es ella. (I believe it
is her.)
Subjunctive: No creo que sea ella. (I
don't believe it's her.)
Explanation: The subjunctive is used in
the second example because the
subordinate clause is negated by the main
clause.




Generally, the indicative is used with creer
que or pensar que, while the subjunctive
is used with no creer que or no pensar
que.
Indicative: Es obvio que tienes dinero.
(It is obvious you have money.)
Subjunctive: Es bueno que tengas
dinero. (It is good you have money.)
Explanation: The indicative is used in the
first example because it expresses reality
(or apparent reality). The subjunctive is
used in the other example because the
sentence is a reaction to the statement in
the subordinate clause.





Indicative: Habla bien porque es
experto. (He speaks well because he's an
expert.)
Subjunctive: Habla como si fuera
experto. (He speaks as if he were expert.)
Explanation: The subjunctive is used in
the second example because it's irrelevant
to the sentence whether he's an expert.
Indicative: Quizás lo pueden hacer.
(Perhaps they can do it (and I'm sure of
it.)
Subjunctive: Quizás lo puedan hacer.
(Perhaps they can do it (but I doubt it.)



Explanation: In a sentence such as this,
the subjunctive is used to emphasize
uncertainty or doubt, the indicative to
emphasize certainly. Note how the
Spanish verb form is used to indicate an
attitude that might need further
explanation in English.
Indicative: Hay políticos que tienen
coraje. (There are politicians who have
courage.)
Subjunctive: ¿Hay políticos que tengan
coraje? (Are there politicians with
courage?)



Explanation: The subjunctive is used in
the second example to express doubt.
Indicative: Llegaré aunque mi carro no
funciona. (I will arrive even though my
car isn't running.)
Subjunctive: Llegaré aunque mi carro no
funcione. (I will arrive even if my car
isn't running.)


Explanation: The indicative is used in the
first sentence because the speaker knows
his car isn't working. In the second
sentence, the speaker doesn't know
whether it is running, so the subjunctive is
used. Fin
Forms of the Present
Subjunctive
Summary of how to form the present
subjunctive
Start with the first person singular (yo form) of the
present indicative.
1. If this form does not end in an -o, the verb is
irregular in the present subjunctive; memorize
the forms: [ser: soy -> sea; estar: estoy -> esté;
ir: voy -> vaya; dar: doy -> dé; saber: sé -> sepa;
haber: he -> haya].
2. If the stem of the yo form is exactly the same as
the stem of the infinitive, the verb is regular;
use this stem and attach the appropriate
endings [the endings for the subjunctive are for
the most part the “opposite” conjugation
endings of the present indicative].
3. If the stem of the yo form shows a stem change
when compared to the stem of the infinitive (e > ie, o -> ue, or u -> ue) and it's an -ar or -er
verb, the stem will undergo the same changes
as in the present indicative; substitute the
subjunctive endings for the indicative ones
[volver: vuelva, vuelvas, vuelva, volvamos,
volváis, vuelvan].
4. If the stem yo form, when compared to that of
the infinitive, shows that an -ir stem-changing
verb is involved, all forms of the present
subjunctive will have stem changes: the same
ones as in the present indicative (e -> ie, o ->
ue), plus special changes in the nosotros and
vosotros forms (e -> i, o -> u) [sentir: sienta,
sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintáis, sientan;
dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma,
durmamos, durmáis, duerman].
5. We are left with a yo form stem which is NOT
the same as the one for the infinitive and which
is NOT a stem changing verb: use this stem for
all forms of the present subjunctive [conocer:
conozca, conozcas, conozca, conozcamos,
conozcáis, conozcan; tener: tenga, tengas,
tenga, tengamos, tengáis, tengan]
The subjunctive is used in various ways; for
example, it appears in all negative commands as
well as all formal commands, and is used in
dependent clauses to indicate doubt, non-existence,
or an emotional reaction. Other handouts will deal
with the various uses; this one will deal only with
the formation of the present subjunctive.
1. Endings: For all but the most irregular of verbs,
the endings for the present subjunctive are as
follows:
-ar verbs:
-e, -es, -e, -emos, -éis, -en
-er and -ir verbs: -a, -as, -a, -amos, -áis, -an
2. Regular verbs: Attach the above endings to the
present indicative stem (the infinitive minus the
last two letters):
hablar
comer
vivir
hable hablemos coma comamos viva vivamos
hables habléis
comas comáis
vivas viváis
hable
coma coman
viva vivan
hablen
3. Stem changing verbs of the first (-ar) and
second (-er) conjugations:
These verbs experience the same stem changes
as the present indicative; that is, the stem vowel
changes into a diphthong whenever it is stressed.
To put it another way, the vowel in the stem
changes in all forms except those for nosotros
and vosotros.
e - pensar: piense, pienses, piense,
> ie pensemos, penséis, piensen
[Sample verbs: cerrar (close), *comenzar
(begin), *empezar (begin), encender
(burn, turn on), entender (understand),
*negar (deny), pensar (think), perder
(lose), querer (want), sentar (sit)]
o - mover: mueva, muevas, mueva,
> ue movamos, mováis, muevan
[Sample verbs: acordar (remember),
*almorzar (lunch), apostar (bet), colgar
(hang up), contar (count, relate), costar
(cost), demostrar (demonstrate),
encontrar (find), llover (rain), mostrar
(show), mover (move), poder (be able),
recordar (remember), volver (return)]
u - jugar: juegue, juegues, juegue, juguemos,
> ue juguéis, jueguen
Jugar (to play) and its compounds is the
only one verb which has this change; note
that it also undergoes an orthographic
change (g -> gu) to maintain the hard “g”
sound.
4. -Ir stem changing verbs:
In the nosotros and vosotros forms -ir stem
changing verbs show a special change; the stem
vowel is reduced to a single vowel: o -> ue -> u;
e -> ie -> i. The other forms undergo the same
changes as in the present indicative (a stem
vowel change occurs whenever the stem vowel
is stressed, that is, in all forms except for
nosotros and vosotros).
o -> ue - dormir: duerma, duermas, duerma,
>u
durmamos, durmáis, duerman
[Sample verbs: dormir (sleep) and
morir (die)]
esentir: sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,
> ie - sintáis, sientan
>i
[Sample verbs: consentir (consent),
convertir (convert), herir (injure),
preferir (prefer), mentir (lie) and sentir
(feel, regret), and sugerir (suggest)]
e - pedir: pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidáis,
> i - pidan
>i
[Sample verbs: competir (compete),
*conseguir (get), *corregir (correct),
despedir (say goodbye, dismiss),
*distinguir (distinguish), *elegir (elect),
medir (measure), pedir (request), reír
(laugh), *repetir (repeat), *seguir (follow,
continue), servir (serve), and vestir
(dress)]
*Spelling (or orthographic) change also
involved. See section 5.
5. Orthographic changes:
First conjugation (-ar) verbs whose stem ends in
-c, -g, or -z undergo a spelling change, as do -er
and -ir verbs whose stem ends in -gu or -g.
These changes are necessary to preserve the
sound occurring in the infinitive.
-car: c - buscar: busque, busques, busque,
> qu
busquemos, busquéis, busquen
[Sample verbs: atacar (attack), buscar
(look for), clasificar (classify), criticar
(criticize), indicar (indicate), practicar
(practice), publicar (publish), sacar
(take out), secar (dry), tocar (touch,
play)]
-gar: g > gu
pagar: pague, pagues, pague,
paguemos, paguéis, paguen
[Sample verbs: cargar (load, charge),
castigar (punish), entregar (deliver),
*jugar (play), obligar (oblige), pagar
(pay), pegar (hit), and tragar
(swallow)]
zar: z >c
abrazar: abrace, abraces, abrace,
abracemos, abracéis, abracen
[Sample verbs: abrazar (hug), cazar
(hunt), *comenzar (begin),
*empezar (begin), lanzar (throw),
rechazar (reject simbolizar
(simbolize)]
-guir: gu - distinguir: distinga distingas
>g
distinga distingamos distingáis
distiguen
[Sample verbs: *conseguir (get),
distinguir (distinguish), *perseguir
(persecute), and *seguir (follow,
continue)]
-gir: g >j
dirigir: dirija, dirijas, dirija,
dirijamos, dirijáis, dirijan
[Sample verbs: *corregir (correct),
dirigir (direct), *elegir (elect), exigir
(demand), fingir (pretend), and
*regir (rule)]
*Stem change also involved. See sections 3 and
6. Verbs with a special yo form (but one which still
ends in -o):
Verbs which in the present indicative have a
special yo form ending in an -o use the stem of
that form for all the present subjunctive forms:
Verbs with the addition of a -g- in the yo form:
decir say
digo:
hacer do
hago: haga, hagas, haga,
hagamos, hagáis, hagan
oír
oigo:
hear
poner put:
diga, digas, diga,
digamos, digáis, digan
oiga, oigas, oiga,
oigamos, oigáis, oigan
pongo: pongas, ponga, ponga,
pongamos, pongáis,
pongan
salir go out: salgo salga, salgas, salga,
salgamos, salgáis, salgan
tener have:
tengo tenga, tengas, tenga,
tengamos, tengáis,
tengan
traer bring: traigo traiga, traigas, traiga,
traigamos, traigáis,
traigan
valer be
valgo valga, valgas, valga,
worth:
valgamos, valgáis, valgan
venir come: vengo venga, vengas, venga,
vengamos, vengáis,
vengan
Verbs with the infinitive ending -cer (with -zco
in the yo form):
conocer know conozco: conozca,
conozcas,
conozca, etc.
nacer
be
nazco:
nazca, nazcas,
born
obedecer obey
nazca, etc.
obedezco: obedezca,
obedezcas,
obedezca, etc.
pertenecer belong pertenezco: pertenezca,
pertenezcas,
pertenezca,
etc.
Special case: ver (original stem was ve-):
ver see veo: vea, veas, vea, veamos, veáis,
vean
7. Irregular verbs (verbs where the yo form does
not end in -o):
Verbs whose first person singular form of the
present indicative does not end in -o have
irregular present subjunctive forms:
dar give doy dé, des, dé, demos, deis, den
estar be
Estoy esté, estés, esté, estemos,
estéis, estén
haber have he
saber know sé
haya, hayas, haya, hayamos,
hayáis, hayan
sepa, sepas, sepa, sepamos,
sepáis, sepan
ser
be
soy
sea, seas, sea, seamos, seáis,
sean
ir
go
voy vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos,
vayáis, vayan
Fin
Subjunctive: Part II
All too frequently, the topic of the subjunctive is
made far more difficult than is necessary. Let's try a
slightly different approach, with the goal of making
this topic less troublesome.
The subjunctive is not a tense; rather, it is a mood.
Tense refers to when an action takes place (past,
present, future), while mood merely reflects how the
speaker feels about the action. The subjunctive mood
is rarely used in English, but it is widely used in
Spanish.
Here are some examples of the subjunctive being
used in English:
The doctor recommends that he take the pills with
food.
Subjunctive conjugation: he take
The law requires that you be 18 years old to vote.
Subjunctive conjugation: you be
If I were a rich man, I wouldn't have to work hard.
Subjunctive conjugation: I were
So far, you have studied verb tenses in the
indicative mood. The indicative mood is used to
express factual information, certainty, and
objectivity.
Usted va al Perú en diciembre.
You are going to Peru in December.
The above sentence merely reports the fact that you
are going to Peru in December, so the indicative
mood is used.
Let's change the above example slightly:
No dudo que usted va al Perú en diciembre.
I don't doubt that you are going to Peru in
December.
In the above sentence, the clause "no dudo"
introduces a quality of certainty, -- the speaker has
no doubt, so the indicative mood is used in the
second clause (va) as well as the first (no dudo).
Let's make another slight change to our example:
Dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
In the above sentence, the clause "dudo" introduces
a quality of uncertainty, -- the speaker does have
doubt, so here the subjunctive mood is used in the
second clause (vaya).
The subjunctive mood is used to express everything
except certainty and objectivity: things like doubt,
uncertainty, subjectivity, etc.
Yo dudo que usted vaya al Perú en diciembre.
I doubt that you are going to Peru in December.
Since the above statement does not express certainty,
the subjunctive (vaya) is required in the second
clause.
The difference between indicative and subjunctive is
the difference between certainty/objectivity
(indicative) and possibility/subjectivity
(subjunctive).
Indicative
John goes to the store.
(This sentence merely states the certain, objective
fact that John goes to the store.)
I know that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I know" tells us that the speaker feels
that it is a certain, objective fact that John goes to the
store.
There is no doubt that John goes to the store.
(The clause "there is no doubt" tells us that the
speaker feels that it is a certain, objective fact that
John goes to the store.)
Subjunctive
I want John to go to the store.
(The clause "I want" tells us that the speaker feels
that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to
the store.)
I hope that John goes to the store.
(The clause "I hope" tells us that the speaker feels
that there is uncertainty as to whether John goes to
the store.)
It is possible that John will go to the store.
(The clause "it is possible" tells us that the speaker
feels that there is uncertainty as to whether John
goes to the store.)
It's good that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's good" alerts us that the speaker is
about to express a subjective opinion.)
It's important that John goes to the store.
(The clause "it's important" alerts us that the speaker
is about to express a subjective opinion.)
Because there must be some uncertainty or
subjectivity to warrant the use of the subjunctive,
you will usually see it in sentences that contain a
main clause which introduces a quality of
uncertainty or subjectivity.
I hope she will come.
I hope = main clause
I know she will come.
I know = main clause
The above examples all have main clauses, but only
the first and the third introduce an element of
uncertainty or subjectivity.
In learning to use the subjunctive, it is quite
helpful if one can first recognize such clauses.
The following is a list of clauses commonly
associated with the use of the subjunctive:
a menos que ...
unless ...
antes (de) que ...
before ...
con tal (de) que ...
provided that ..
.
cuando ...
when ...
después (de) que ...
after ...
dudar que ...
to doubt that ...
en caso de que ...
in case ...
es aconsejable que ...
it's advisable that ...
es bueno que ...
it's good that ...
es dudoso que ...
it is doubtful that ...
es fantástico que ...
it's fantastic that ...
es importante que ...
it's important that ...
es imposible que ...
it's impossible that ...
es improbable que ...
it's unlikely that ...
es incierto que ...
it's uncertain that ...
es increíble que ...
it's incredible that ...
es (una) lástima que ...
it's a pity that ...
es malo que ...
it's bad that ...
es mejor que ...
it's better that ...
es necesario que ...
it's necessary that ...
esperar que ...
to wish that ...
es posible que ...
it's possible that ...
es preferible que ...
it's preferable that ...
es probable que ...
it's probable that ...
es raro que ...
it's rare that ...
es ridículo que ...
it's ridiculous that ...
estar contento que
to be happy that ...
es terrible que ...
it's terrible that ...
hasta que ...
until ...
insistir en
que ...
to insist that ...
mandar que ...
to order that ...
más vale que ...
it's better that ...
mientras que ...
to be afraid that ...
7
As you can see, the list is quite long, and this isn't
even a complete list! There are even more
expressions that trigger use of the subjunctive that
we haven't included. Instead of trying to memorize
such a long list, why not familiarize yourself with a
much shorter list of expressions with which the
subjunctive is not used?
creer que ...
to believe that ...
to not doubt that ...
es cierto que ...
it is certain that ...
es claro que ...
it is clear that ...
es evidente que ...
it is certain that ...
es obvio que ...
it is obvious that ...
estar seguro que ...
to be sure that ...
es verdad que ...
it is true that ...
no cabe duda que ...
there's no doubt that ...
no es dudoso que ...
it is not doubtful that ...
no hay duda que ...
there is no doubt that ...
Since these expressions introduce a quality of
certainty, they do not trigger the use of the
subjunctive.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause
followed by a second clause, and the main clause
introduces a quality of certainty or objectivity, the
sentence will use the indicative mood in the second
clause, since the sentence will be reporting
something certain.
If you encounter a sentence with a main clause
followed by a second clause, and the main clause
does not introduce a quality of certainty or
objectivity, the sentence will usually use the
subjunctive mood in the second clause, since the
sentence will not be reporting something certain.
1. examen de 7B
al termiar el ensayo
2. Introducción a Capítulo 8A
3. Realidades 2
Las páginas
El Paquete de Capítulo 8A
401 – 404
y la página 410
4. Subjunctiive tense
5. Repaso de los mandatos
____________________________________________
A Primera Vista Capítulo
8A
Hacer la maleta
La tarjeta de embarque
La maleta
El agente de viajes
El equipaje
La puerta de
embarque
El
pasaporte
El piloto la
pilota
La empleada
El
anuncio
La ventanilla
Pasajeros
REGISTRAR
EL AUXILIIAR DE
VUELTO
LA AUXILIAR DE VUELTO
LA ADUANA
EL ADUAN0
EL ADUANERO
LA ADUANERA
El
Subjuntivo
SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD
Clauses are groups of words which
express an idea and contain a predicate (i.e., a
conjugated verb) and a subject, although of course in
Spanish the subject is often merely indicated by the
verb ending. They can be divided into two
categories: independent clauses (which make sense
in and of themselves) and dependent clauses (which
need to be used with an independent clause to form a
complete sentence). In general, the the indicative,
the conditional, and the imperative (command
forms) are used in independent clauses; some
exceptions will be given in section I below. The
subjunctive mood is found primarily in dependent
clauses, but of course the other moods can occur
there as well, depending on the type of clause, the
action/state involved, and its relationship to other
elements in the sentences such as the governing
verb.
I. Use of the subjunctive in independent clauses.
As already mentioned, the subjunctive is
seldom used in main clauses, but there are a
few exceptions:
1. The past subjunctive may be used with the
verbs poder, querer, and deber to express
courtesy or an attitude of deference.
(Yo) quisiera pedirte I'd like to ask you a
un favor.
favor.
Debieras practicar
un poco más.
You should practice
a little more.
¿Pudieran Uds.
darme otros
ejemplos?
Could you give me
some other
examples?
2. Words meaning “perhaps” (tal vez, quizá,
and quizás) may be followed by the
subjunctive to suggest that the action or
state is improbable, or doubtful; they may
also be followed by the indicative to stress a
greater degree of likelihood or probability.
[Note: The expression for “perhaps” has no
effect on the verb if it comes after the
verb.]
Quizás
Perhaps [Indic.: probable]
participamos we'll take
en la fiesta.
part in the
festival.
Quizás
Perhaps [Subj.: doubtful]
participemos we'll take
en la fiesta.
part in the
festival.
3. Command forms —or imperatives— are
based on the subjunctive, with only three
exceptions: the affirmative tú forms,
affirmative vosotros forms, and the
affirmative form for “let's go”, vamos.
[Reminder: In Spanish we have command
forms for tú, vosotros/as, usted, and
ustedes, plus nosotros/as [“Let's ... (do
something)”]
Habla más
despacio.
Tú:
Talk
slower.
[Not
based on
the subj.]
No hables
Don't
tan
talk so
rápidament fast.
e.
[Subj.]
Díga(n)me
la verdad.
Tell me
the
truth.
[Subj.]
Don't
tell me
lies.
[Subj.]
Usted(es
):
No me
diga(n)
mentiras.
Comed con
Vosotros nostros.
:
No comáis
Eat with [Not
us.
based on
the subj.]
Don't
[Subj.]
los huevos
revueltos.
eat the
scrambl
ed eggs.
Bailemos.
Let's
dance.
[Subj.]
No
Let's not [Subj.]
bailemos a dance to
esa música. that
music.
Nosotros
:
Vamos al
parque.
Let's go
to the
park.
[Exceptio
n, not
based on
the subj.]
No
Let's not [Subj.]
vayamos al go the
cine.
movies.
II. Noun clauses may function as the object or
predicate compliment of a verb. Remember the
importance of governing verbs and their effect
on subordinate noun clauses: normally verbs
such as reporting, affirmation, knowledge and
certainty (“think”, “believe”, “affirm”, “be
certain of”, etc.), are followed by the indicative.
In contrast, the subjunctive is used in
dependent clauses following: 1) verbs of
influence, such as “urge”, “advise”, “permit”,
“forbid”, “ask”, or “want” (someone else to do
something); 2) verbs of doubt or denial, such as
“doubt”, “deny”, “be unsure of”; 3) verbs of
emotion such as “regret”, “be happy”, “be
sorry”, “fear”; 4) impersonal expressions
indicating these things or subjective reactions,
for example, that it is “good/bad”,
“(im)possible”, “(im)probable”, “(un)likely”
(that something happen).
Yo creo que
Juana viene
mañana.
I think Juana is [Indic.: verb of
coming
affirmation]
tomorrow.
Preferimos que We prefer that [Subj.: verb of
nos
you
influence]
acompañes.
accompany us.
Dudo que
I doubt that
[Subj .: verb of
Miguel llegue a Miguel will
doubt]
tiempo.
arrive on time.
Es una lástima It's a shame
que se hayan that they got
perdido.
lost.
[Subj.:
impersonal
expression of
emotion]
III. Adverbial clauses give information such as
“when”, “why”, “how” or “where” something
happens. The verb in an adverbial clauses will
be in the subjunctive if the action/state in the
clause is anticipated —that is, viewed as being
in the future in comparison to the action/state
represented by the governing verb. The
indicative is used in clauses where the action is
viewed as habitual or having been completed.
Adverbial clauses are introduced by adverbial
conjunctions, some of which by their very nature
always indicate something anticipatory and
hence always take the subjunctive: antes de que
(before), para que (so that), a fin de que (so
that), sin que (without), a menos que (unless),
and con tal de que (provided that).
Some of the more frequent adverbial
conjunctions which may take either the
indicative or the subjunctive: cuando (when),
hasta que (until), después de que (after), tan
pronto como (as soon as), mientras (while).
Cada domingo
Every Sunday [Indic.:
después que
after we eat
habitual
desayunamos, la breakfast, the action]
familia asiste a
family attends
servicios
religious
religiosos.
services.
Cuando termines When you
la tarea iremos al finish the
cine.
homework,
we'll go the
[Subj.:
anticipated
action]
movies.
IV. Adjectival clauses describe or modify nouns or
pronouns. If the noun or pronoun modified is
negated, nonexistent or indefinite, then the
verb in the modifying clause will be in the
subjunctive; if the noun modified is a definite
one, then the indicative is used.
Buscamos al
criado que se
llama Raúl.
We're looking
for the servant
who's named
Raúl.
[Indic.:
definite
antecedent]
Buscamos una We're looking [Subj.:
criada que
for a servant
indefinite
hable español. who speaks
antecedent]
[=might speak]
Spanish.
No necesito
I don't need any [Subj.:
ningún amigo friend who
negated
que me insulte insults me like antecedent]
así.
that.
V. Como si is always followed by a past
subjunctive, either the imperfect subjunctive
(hypothesis in present time) or the past perfect
(or pluperfect) subjunctive (past-time
hypothesis).
Ella trabaja She works as if [Imperf subj.:
como si no
there weren't present/future
hubiera otro any tomorrow. time]
día mañana.
Ella hablaba She talked as if [Past perfect
como si nadie no one had
subj.: prior time]
la hubiera
seen her.
visto.
VI. “If” clauses. The indicative is used for both the
“if” and “result” clauses if it is a “real”
condition. In an “unreal” or “contrary-to-fact”
condition, a past subjunctive is used in the “if”
clause, and normally the conditional is used in
the result clause. For present- or future-time
unreal conditions, the imperfect subjunctive is
used in the “if”clause and the conditional is
used in the main clause; for past-time unreal
conditions, the past perfect subjunctive is used
in the “if” clause, and the conditional perfect is
used for the main clause.
Si ganas más If you earn [Indic.: real
dinero, iremos more
condition in
a Bogotá.
money, we'll present or future
go to
time]
Bogota.
Si ganaras más If you
[Imperfect subj. &
dinero,
earned more cond.: unreal
iríamos a
money, we condition in
Bogotá.
would go to present or future
Bogota.
time]
Si hubieras
ganado más
dinero,
If you had [Past perfect subj.
earned more & cond.
money, we perfect: unreal
habríamos ido would have condition in past
a Bogotá.
gone to
time]
Bogota.
VII. Note the tip-offs in English for unreal conditions
in the above examples: the use of “would” or
“would have” and the use of a past tense for a
present/future time activity.
More on the present subjunctive mood
The Subjunctive Mood in Noun Clauses
Introduction: the subjunctive mood. Presumably,
up until now you have been using primarily the indicative
mood. The indicative (modo indicativo) in both English
and Spanish is used to indicate facts or states of being in
the “real world”, and to ask questions:
Jorge dice la verdad. Jorge is telling the truth.
Elena no canta hoy.
Elena is not singing today.
Are you tired?
¿Estás cansado?
In contrast to the indicative, the subjunctive mood
(modo subjuntivo) is very rarely used as the main verb of
a sentence; it is used primarily in dependent (“subjoined”)
clauses and to express a subjective view or the negation or
the anticipation of an action or state. In the case of a
subjective view, the action or state may in fact exist in
reality; the emphasis, however, is on the reaction of the
speaker. We can find some examples of situations where
we use the subjunctive both in Spanish and in English; in
the English translations note that the third person singular
form does not end in the usual -s:
We recommend that she
Recomendamos que ella
*come.
venga.
I insist that he *be here.
Insisto en que esté aquí.
*Note that the normal forms are “she comes”and “he is”.
Unfortunately —at least for purposes of transferring
our knowledge of English grammar to Spanish— modern
English uses the subjunctive very little. In Spanish it is
used constantly, both in conversational and literary form,
and you must be able to use it where appropriate.
Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence
or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns
Introduction: noun clauses. A clause is a group of
words that expresses an idea and contains a subject and a
conjugated or “finite” verb (in contrast to an “infinite” or
non-conjugated form such as the infinitive). A sentence
will have one or more main clauses, and may have one or
more dependent clauses or none at all.
main clause dependent clause
Espero
que vengas a la fiesta.
I hope
(that) you'll come to the party.
For purposes of this section on the subjunctive, noun
clauses are dependent clauses which serve as the direct
object or predicate complement of another verb (or as the
subject of a verb), just as a noun can do. Please note that
English frequently employs an infinitive in these cases,
whereas Spanish frequently requires a conjugated verb.
Quiero el
I want El libro/the book is the direct
the
libro.
object.
book.
Quiero que I want
compres el you to
buy the
libro.
book.
In English the direct object is the
phrase you to buy the book. The
literal equivalent of the Spanish
sentence is: I want that you buy
the book, and the clause que
compres el libro is the direct
object of the verb Quiero.
In the above example involving a dependent clause —“I
want that you buy the book”— please note that:




The governing verb (the verb which governs the
dependent clause) is “want / querer” and that it
expresses influence.
The subject of the governing verb is “I / yo”.
The subject of the dependent clause is “you / tú”,
different from the subject of the main verb (“I / yo”).
The verb in the dependent noun clause is “buy /
compres”; however, the clause does not express a
fact such as “you are buying the book” but rather that
it is my desire “that you might buy the book”.
Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of: influence
or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns
The rule: In Spanish, the subjunctive mood is used for
the verb in a dependent noun clause when:
1. The subject of the governing verb is different from
the subject of the dependent clause [e.g., “you / tú”
vs. “I / yo” in the above example], and
2. The governing verb is one of:
o Influence or willing [want, prefer, desire, insist,
request, etc.], or
o Emotion [fear, be angry, be sad, be happy, be
surprised, etc.], or
o Doubt or negation [be uncertain, be unsure,
doubt, deny, etc.], or is an
o Impersonal expression of influence, emotion,
doubt, probability, possibility, necessity, or a
subjective reaction on the part of the speaker
[e.g.,: It's urgent / bad, wonderful / uncertain /
possible / probable / unlikely, etc.]
In contrast: The infinitive is normally used when there
is no change in subject (I want to leave = Quiero salir),
and the indicative mood is used when the governing verb
expresses knowledge (to know) certainty (to be certain /
sure), truth (to be true / the truth), affirmation (to believe,
think, affirm, assert, declare), or reporting (to say,
indicate [when not used as a verb of influence], report).
I. Verbs of influence or willing. Verbs such as querer
(to want), preferir (to prefer), desear (to desire),
insistir en (to insist), mandar (to command), prohibir
(to prohibit), requerir (to require), exigir (to demand,
require), recomendar (to recommend), pedir (to
request/ask for), decir (to tell, say [when not used as
a verb of reporting]), alentar (to encourage), etc.
require that the subjunctive be used in any
subordinate clauses they govern.
Queremos que lo
cantes.
We want you to sing it.
Insistes en que lo
hagamos?
Do you insist that we do it?
(Or: Do you insist on our
doing it?)
Deseo que te quedes. I want you to stay.
Ella prefiere que
She prefers us to arrive at
lleguemos a las seis.
6:00.
Recomiendo que
salgas.
I recommend that you leave.
Manda él que yo lo
escriba?
Is he ordering me to write it?
Se prohíbe que
entremos.
It is forbidden for us to enter.
Piden que cenemos
allí.
They're asking us to dine
there.
No permitimos que lo We don't permit you to buy
compres.
it.
La ley exige que
paguemos
impuestos.
The law requires us to pay
taxes.
II. NOTE: Some verbs can either indicate influence (and
thus take the subjunctive) or reporting (and thus take
the indicative):
Ella dice que
nos vamos.
She says
[Reporting a fact:
we're leaving. indicative]
Ella dice que
nos vayamos.
She's telling
us to leave.
Yo insisto en
que él viene.
I insist that he [Know it for a fact:
is coming.
indicative]
Yo insisto en
que él venga.
I insist that he [Giving an order:
come.
subjunctive]
[Giving us a
command:
subjunctive]
III. NOTE: If the same person is the subject for both the
verb of influence and the dependent verb, the
infinitive is normally used instead of the subjunctive:
Nadie quiere trabajar. No one wants to work.
Yo prefiero manejar.
I prefer to drive.
IV. NOTE: Certain verbs of influence may be used either
with the subjunctive or an infinitive, even when
there's a change of subject. The infinitive is more
frequent when the subject of the dependent verb is a
pronoun (rather than a noun or noun phrase). Such
verbs include hacer (to make [someone do
something]), permitir (to permit), and dejar (to let,
allow):
Infinitive
Nobody makes me
Nadie me hace pensar.
think.
Déjame trabajar en paz.
Let me work in peace.
Ellas no nos permiten
bailar
They don't permit us to
dance.
Subjunctive
Nadie hace que los
No one makes the
trabajadores piensen en el workers think about the
porvenir.
future.
Deja que las secretarias
trabajen en paz.
Let the secretaries work
in peace.
Ellas no permiten que los
otros estudiantes bailen.
They don't permit the
other students to
dance.
V. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of:
influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns
VI. Verbs of emotion. Expressions such as to be happy
(estar alegre, alegrarse de), to be sad (estar triste),
to fear, be afraid (temer, tener miedo de) to hope
(esperar), to feel sorry, regret (sentir, dar lástima),
to like, be pleased, be delighted (gustar, agradar,
encantar), to dislike, be displeased (disgustar,
desagradar), to be surprised (sorprender, estar
sorprendido), etc., likewise require the use of the
subjunctive in clauses they govern.
Espero que vengan.
I hope they come.
Siento que ella no esté
aquí.
I'm sorry she's not here.
Me alegro de que vaya a
Madrid.
I'm glad he's going to
Madrid.
Temo que haya muchos
problemas.
I fear there are many
problems.
Tengo miedo de que no
llegue.
I'm afraid she won't
arrive.
Te gusta que sea tan fácil? Are you pleased it's so
easy?
Le sorprende que vivamos He's surprised we live
así.
like that.
VII. Ojalá (que), while not a verb in Spanish, is used like
a verb of emotion or influence with the present
subjunctive:
Ojalá que la comida sepa
bien.
I hope the food tastes
good.
Ojalá nuestro equipo gane I hope our team wins
mañana.
tomorrow.
VIII. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of:
influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns
IX. Verbs of doubt and negation require the subjunctive
in subordinate clauses; examples include negar (to
deny), dudar (to doubt), no ser verdad (to not be
true/the truth), no estar cierto/seguro (to be unsure,
uncertain), no creer (to not believe), etc. Remember
that expressions of certainty or belief take the
indicative: no negar (to not deny), no dudar (to not
doubt), afirmar (to affirm), creer (to believe), estar
cierto/seguro (to be sure, certain), etc.
Dudamos que salgan
bien.
We doubt they'll do well.
No creo que asistan a la
clase.
I don't think they attend
class.
Niegas que yo pueda
hacerlo?
Do you deny that I can
do it?
No estoy segura de que
venga.
I'm not sure she's
coming.
X. NOTE: Normally the reverse (positive/negative) of
each of the above sentences does not indicate
doubt or negation and thus takes the indicative.
No dudamos que salen
We don't doubt they'll
bien.
do well.
Creo que asisten a la
clase.
I think they attend class.
No niegan que yo puedo
hacerlo.
They don't deny that I
can do it.
Estoy segura de que
viene.
I'm sure she's coming.
XI. Subj. mood - noun clauses - the rule - verbs of:
influence or emotion or doubt - impersonal exprsns
XII. Impersonal expressions do not have a specific
person or thing as the subject. In English we use the
non-specific “it”, but in Spanish the pronoun is
omitted. Impersonal expressions such as those given
below require the subjunctive in a subordinate
clause because they indicate doubt, negation,
emotion, influence, or a subjective reaction on the
part of the speaker.
Es Bueno
que
It's good
Es malo
It's bad
Es mejor
It's better
Es peor
It's worse
Es horrible
It's horrible
Es
It's stupendous
estupendo que lo hagan.
Es posible
It's possible
Es
imposible
It's impossible
Es probable
It's probable
Es
improbable
It's improbable
for
them
to do
it (or:
that
they
do it).
que
Es increíble
It's incredible
Es
necesario
It's necessary
Es preciso
It's necessary
Es urgente
It's urgent
Es
importante
It's important
Es
interesante
It's interesting
Es notable
It's notable
Es raro
It's unusual/strange
Es extraño
It's strange
Es estúpido
It's stupid
Es ridículo
It's ridiculous
Es curioso
It's curious
Es dudoso
It's doubtful
Es difícil
It's unlikely
Es fácil
It's likely
No es
seguro
It's uncertain
No es
cierto
It's uncertain
No es
verdad
It's untrue
XIII. NOTE: An infinitive may be used after these
expressions if no change of subject is involved:
Es bueno estudiar mucho. It's good to study a lot.
In contrast to:
Es bueno que estudies
It's good that you study
mucho.
a lot.
XIV. However, impersonal expressions indicating
certainty, affirmation, and truth would take the
indicative:
It's
certain
Es cierto
Es
evidente
Es verdad
que sabes
esto.
It's
evident
that you know
this.
It's true
XV. Some other verbs and expressions that normally
take the indicative in subordinate clauses include
those which express: knowledge: saber (to know);
certainty: estar seguro, estar cierto (to be certain /
sure); truth: ser verdad (to be the truth); affirmation:
creer (to believe, think), pensar (to think), declarar (to
declare). Verbs of reporting also take the indicative,
although many of them can also be used as verbs of
influence: decir (to say), indicar (to indicate), insistir
en (to insist), reportar (to report), replicar (to reply),
responder (to respond), contestar (to answer).
Sé que Elena
habla
español.
I know that Elena
speaks Spanish.
Knowlege:
Indicative
Es verdad que It's true that I did it. Truth:
yo lo hice.
Indicative
Creo que
I think they're at
están en casa. home.
Affirmation or
belief:
Indicative
Te digo que
vienen.
I'm telling you that
they are coming.
Reporting:
Indicative
Te digo que
vengas.
I 'm telling you to
come. [= I 'm
telling that you
should come.]
Influence or
willing:
Subjunctive
fin
Insistimos en We insist that they
que aprenden are learning this.
esto.
Reporting:
Indicative
Insistimos en We insist that they
que aprendan learn this.
esto.
Influence or
willing
1.
Poster Board. Tri-fold poster board.
Choose a Spanish Speaking Country. Place a map on the
poster. Describe a dish. Include pictures, recipes, and
ingredients. Famous traditions.
Escrito por maquena
2. Meal. Choose a Spanish Speaking country or a region
of Spain. Choose a meal and make it. Extra points to
those who bring in something for everyone in the class
to try.
Cover page with name of the country, picture of places
in the country, picture of the dish prepared, and regular
heading on front page. What, When, Where, Why is the
meal eaten. Ingredients and recipe in Spanish and
English.
Remember!
Note any Warning pfor allergies!
3. Bonus, dress up like a famous historical Spanish
person and talk about yourself. 1 minutes in Spanish
and 2 minutes in English
Work from
Realidades 2
21 November 2013
textbook
Page 378
Actividad 4
Page 379
Actividad 6 and actividad 8
Page 380
Actividad 10 answers only
Page 381
Actividad 12 copy the question
and answer
Page 382
Actividad 13- follow the MODELO
CAPÍTULO 7B REPASOS
A PRIMERA VISTA
EXAMEN Capítulo 7A lunes-martes que
viene El 18 de noviembre 2013
“Polite commands”
Mandatos de USTED
Y USTEDES
Formal Commands
Commands are used when ordering, or telling
someone to do something. This is often referred
to as the "imperative" for
Haga Ud. la tarea.
(You) Do the homework.
Compren Uds. los libros.
(You-all) Buy the books.
Hagan Uds. el trabajo.
(You-all) Do the work.
By now, you are well acquainted with the fact
that Spanish has both a formal and an informal
style of speech (tú / Ud.). This distinction
applies to commands.
Compre Ud. el anillo.
Buy the ring. (formal)
Compra (tú) los dulces.
Buy the candy. (familiar)
Informal, or familiar, speech is used among
friends, coworkers, relatives, or when
addressing a child. Formal speech is generally
used to be polite or to express respect.
For that reason, the formal commands are often
referred to as polite commands.
The formal commands are formed the same way
as the present subjunctive:
1. Start with the yo form of the present
indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.
3. Finally, add the following endings:
-ar verbs:
-e (for Ud.), -en (for Uds.)
-er and -ir verbs:
-a (for Ud.), -an (for Uds.)
The following examples of formal commands
use three regular verbs: hablar, comer, and
escribir.
Hable Ud. más lentamente.
Hablen Uds. más lentamente.
Speak more slowly.
Coma Ud. la cena.
Coman Uds. la cena.
Eat the dinner.
Escriba Ud. la carta.
Escriban Uds. la carta.
Write the letter.
Remember, if the first person singular (yo)
form is irregular, that irregularity is carried
over into the formation of the formal
command.
Tengan Uds. un buen viaje. (yo tengo)
Have a good trip.
Traiga Ud. el dinero. (yo traigo)
Bring the money.
Venga Ud. conmigo. (yo vengo)
Come with me.
This also applies to stem-changing verbs.
Cuente Ud. sus beneficios. (yo cuento)
Count your blessings.
Vuelvan Uds. pronto. (yo vuelvo)
Return quickly.
Pida dinero. (yo pido)
Ask for money.
As with the present subjunctive, the following
verbs are irregular:
dar
dé Ud.
den Uds.
estar
esté Ud.
estén Uds.
ir
vaya Ud.
vayan Uds.
ser
sea Ud.
sean Uds.
saber
sepa Ud.
sepan Uds.
Note that affirmative and negative POLITE
commands use the same verb forms.
Hable Ud.
Speak.
No hable Ud.
Don't speak.
Coma Ud.
Eat.
No coma Ud.
Don't eat.
Escriba Ud.
Write.
No escriba Ud.
Don't write.
Also note that the subject pronouns Ud. and
Uds. may or may not be used. Using them adds
a degree of formality or politeness to the
command.
Hable.
Speak.
Hable Ud.
Speak (sir). (more respectful)
Coma.
Eat.
Coma Ud.
Eat (sir). (more polite)
The formal and commands are
polite requests that you make of
adults who are not close friends.
This includes patients if you are a doctor
(unless your patients are young children),
clients for businessmen, even waiters since
in most Hispanic countries you will not find a
teenager bouncing over to your table with a
"Hey! I'm Jim!" name-tag on.
When in doubt, use the Ud. (usted) form
unless you are invited to do otherwise.
The Plural form represents commands or
requests of more than one person. Like
"ustedes" itself, the plural command form is
neither formal nor informal in Latin
America.
Let's make a Formal Command. We'll use the
verb Hablar.
1.
We always start with the first person
singular "Yo" form of the verb: hablo
2.
Now drop the "o" : habl-
3.
Now we attach the "opposite" vowel
ending to our verb stem to form our
command:
4.
¡ Hable !
o
o
o
We use the "e" -the vowel we normally
use with -Ir and -Er verbs for the -Ar
verbs .
And we use "a" with the -Ir and -Er
verbs!
If the "Yo" form is irregular, the command
will be irregular:
1.
For example, Traer
2.
the present tense "Yo" form is Traig
3.
We drop the "o" : Traig-
4.
We add the opposite ending: `a' [Traer
is an -ER verb, so the opposite ending is
the -AR ending.]
5.
And we have our command: Traiga
("Bring!")
The Usted and Ustedes command forms are the
Ud. and Uds. form of the Present Subjunctive.
Here are the endings for the formal
commands:
Usted
(Formal
form)
AR
VERBS
IR/ER
VERBS
e
a
Ustedes
en
an
(Plural form)
If the Yo form is irregular in the Present
Tense, it will be irregular in the Formal &
Plural command form.
Ud.
Infinitive
Yo form
Command
Form
Salir
Salgo
Salga
Hacer
Hago
Haga
Poner
Pongo
Ponga
Decir
Digo
Diga
Venir
Vengo
Venga
With verbs that end in "Y" in the Yo form as
well as Saber are very irregular:
Ud.
Infinitive
Yo form
Command
Form
Estar
Estoy
Esté
Dar
Doy
Dé
Ser
Soy
Sea
Ir
Voy
Vaya
Saber
Sé
Sepa
If there is a stem change in the Present Tense,
there will be a stem change in the Command
(Present Subjunctive) form:
Ud.
Infinitive
Yo form
Command
Form
Pedir
Pido
Pida
Pensar
Pienso
Piense
Dormir
Duermo
Duerma
Atender
Atiendo
Atienda
Hervir
Hiervo
Hierva
Entender
Entiendo
Entienda
Poder
Puedo
Pueda
Freír
Frío
Fría
uses of
por
AND
para
POR or para
Uses for por:
1.
Expressing movement along, through, around,
by or about: Anduve por las calles de la ciudad. I
walked through the streets of the city.
Denoting a time or duration when something
occurs. Viajamos por tres semanas. We're traveling
for three weeks.
Expressing the cause (not the purpose) of an
action: Me caí por la nieve. I fell down because of
the snow.
Meaning per: Dos por ciento. Two percent.
Meaning supporting or in favor of: Trabajamos
por derechos humanos. We work for human rights.
Introducing the agent of an action after a
passive verb: Fue escrito por Bob Woodward. It
was written by Bob Woodward.
Indicating means of transportation: Viajaré por
avión. I will travel by plane.
Used in numerous expressions: Por ejemplo. For
example. Por favor. Please.
Uses for para:
for the purpose of or in
order to: Para bailar la bamba, necesita una
Meaning
poca de gracia. In order to dance the bamba you
need a little grace.
With a noun or pronoun as object, meaning for
the benefit of or directed to: Es para usted. It's
for you.
Meaning to or in the direction of when referring
to a specific place: Voy para Europa. I'm heading
to Europe.
Meaning by or for when referring to a specific
time: Necesito el regalo para mañana. I need the
gift for tomorrow. Vamos a la casa de mi madre
para el fin de semana. We're going to my mother's
for the weekend.
UsES OF por AND para 2.
Realidades 2 A PRIMERA VISTA
Realidades 2 Actividad 17 página 413
Actividad 18 página 414 y
Actividad 19 on separate paper please
on looseleaf with full heading and easy to read,
please! ¡Gracias!
Para mañana el 12 de diciembre 2013
Studying each day keeps the fear of tests away….
Studying a language is writing things out
Especially verb conjugations and vocabulary
Beat the storm
of learning
STUDY Rewrite and summarize
notes, verbs conjugations on note
cards, index cards, whatever it takes
Review at home,
write out the conjugation of at least 5
verbs a night!!!!!!!
KNOW your verbs!
visit you neighbors
Visit your friends the verbs,
Know them well!!!!!
In the city of verbs, visit the
neighborhood of conjugations
Visit the “houses of
AR verbs, er verbs and ir verbs regular
And go to the street of irregular verbs
as well!!!
KNOW YOUR VERBS
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