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Transcript
Unit 2 Review Sheet – Biochemistry Basic Chemistry What are protons, neutrons and electrons? Protons are positively charges, neutrons have no charge and electrons have a negative charge. Protons and neutrons are in the nucleus and the electrons are in a cloud around the nucleus What is the difference between an atom, an ion and an isotope? Atom is typically uncharged. Ion is the charged version of that atom. An isotope is the atom with a non-typical number of neutrons What are the three main bond types? Describe them Covalent bonds: strongest, shared electrons, common in carbon bonds Ionic bonds: weaker than covalent, attraction between positive and negative bonds, common in salts, acids and bases Hydrogen bonds: weakest, attraction between partial positive and partial negative, common in water and DNA pH What are the measurements of the pH scale? pH scale measures the acidity of a solution by measuring the concentration of H+ (hydrogen ions) on a scale of 0-14 Which end is acid? Which is base? What is neutral? Low numbers are acidic, high numbers are basic, 7 is neutral Water What are the characteristics of water that make it important to life? Polar, high heat capacity, resists temperature change, abililty to bond and attract other molecules (cohesion and adhesion), ice is less dense than liquid water, universal solvent, most abundant compound in living things What does it mean that water is polar? There is a partial positive charge in one part of the molecules (the hydrogen atoms) and a partial negative charge in another part (the oxygen). This is because of unequal electron sharing. Explain the bonding within and between water molecules. The bonds between hydrogen and oxygen atoms IN ONE water molecule are covalent bonds. The bonding between two separate water molecules is hydrogen bonding, because of the attraction between the partial positive and negative charges. Macromolecules What is the difference in organic and inorganic molecules? Organic molecules contain carbon How many bonds does carbon typically form? What type of bond are they? 4 bonds; covalent What are the 4 organic molecules and the monomer (subunit) of each? 1. Carbohydrate Monomer: monosaccharide (single sugar) 2. Lipid Monomer: fatty acids and glycerol 3. Protein Monomer: amino acid (this is on tests and SOLs a lot) 4. Nucleic Acids Monomer: nucleotide What is the purpose of each of the macromolecules? 1. Carbohydrate Quick energy 2. Lipid Long term energy storage 3. Protein Structure, action, ENZYMES 4. Nucleic Acids Information storage What is the difference in a monosaccharide, disaccharide, and polysaccharide? Monosaccharide is a single sugar, disaccharide is made of two monosaccharides and a polysaccharide is made of many monosaccharides What are some examples of each of the 4 macromolecules? 1. Carbohydrate Glucose, fructose (mono); sucrose (di); starch, glycogen (poly) 2. Lipid Fats, oils, waxes, steroids, cholesterol 3. Protein Hemoglobin (in blood), enzymes, structural in fingernails 4. Nucleic Acids DNA, RNA (NA= nucleic acid) Enzymes Define catalyst Something that speeds up a chemical reaction without being used up What are 2 things that can change the rate of enzyme reaction? High temperature and extreme pH because they denature the enzyme (make it not work) What is the difference in the active site and the substrate? The substrate is what the enzyme is acting on and the active site is the place of the enzyme that is shaped so the substrate can fit What does the “lock and key” feature of enzymes indicate? The active site is shaped so it perfectly fits the substrate, just like a key is perfectly shaped for the lock it opens Chemical Reactions What is the name of the reaction in which macromolecules are put together? Dehydration synthesis What is the name of the reaction in which macromolecules are broken apart? Hydrolysis Which reaction is represented by the formula: Sugar + sugar + sugar polysaccharide + water It is Dehydration synthesis because sugars are the reactants (on the left side) and a polysaccharide is the product (on the right side) and water is a product as well. This means that monomers are being put together and water is taken out.