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Download File - Mrs. Williams English
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Sentence Notes Parts of a Sentence Subject – tells whom or what the sentence is about Complete subject – all the words that tell whom or what the sentence is about The orange cat ran up the tree. Simple subject – the most important word or words in the subject The orange cat ran up the tree. Compound subject – more than one noun is doing the action of the sentence The orange cat and fluffy squirrel ran up the tree. Implied (understood) subject – In a command or request, the subject of the sentence is not stated, but it is understood that you are to do the action. (You) Listen carefully. Natural order – subject comes before the verb The thunder roared through the dark night. Inverted order – the verb comes before the subject. Through the dark night roared the thunder. o To find the subject of a question – make it a statement Did you do it? You did do it. o To find the subject in sentences that start with there or here – turn it around to natural order Here is my book. My book is here. Predicate – includes the verb and is the action of the sentence Complete predicate – the verb and all words that complete the action of the sentence. The orange cat ran up the tree. Simple predicate – the most important word, the verb or verb phrase The orange cat ran up the tree. Compound predicate (verb) – there is more than one verb or action taking place. The orange cat ran up the tree and jumped on the roof. Kinds of Sentences Declarative (Declare) – makes a statement or expresses an opinion and ends with a period The dog chased the cat. Interrogative (Interrogate) – asks a question and ends with a question mark Is that my book? Imperative (Imperial) – makes a request or gives a command and can end with either a period or an exclamation point Pass your paper to the right. Look out! Exclamatory (Exclaim) – expresses strong feelings and ends with an exclamation point. That was the best day ever! Sentence Structure Notes Phrases A group of words that do NOT contain both a subject and a verb a brown dog Clauses A clause is a group of words that DO contain a subject and a verb Independent clause – can stand on its own as a sentence (in bold) The dog barked. Dependent clause – can’t stand on its own and depends on another independent clause to help it make sense (underlined) when the cat came in the yard Types of Sentence Structures Simple Sentence – 1 independent clause I The team scores a goal. Compound Sentence – 2 or more independent clauses and NO dependent clauses I I The team runs up the field, and they score a goal. Complex Sentence – 1independent clause + 1or more dependent clauses D I After Max ran up the field, he scored a goal. Compound-Complex Sentence – 2 or more independent clauses + 1 or more dependent clauses D I I While the player was running, his shoelace came untied, and he tripped. Punctuation Notes End Marks ● ? ! End of a statement (declarative sentence) This is a dog. At the end of most commands (imperative sentences) Wash your hands. At the end of an indirect question. The girl asked what her favorite color was. At the ends of most abbreviations and initials hr. Jr. P.M. Oct. Mon. U.S.A. At the end of a question (interrogative sentence) Where did you park the car? At the end of a sentence expressing strong feeling (exclamatory sentence) We’re in trouble! After an interjection Oh no! I forgot my shoes. Commas , Before a conjunction joining the independent clauses in a compound sentence I cleaned my room, and I did my homework. After every item in a series or list, except the last one. I need pencils, paper, and my book. We will read a lot, study hard, and do well. Between two or more adjectives of equal rank that describe the same noun. Remember the tests: 1. Can you put and between them and have it still make sense? 2. Can you switch the order of the adjectives and still make sense? It was dark, stormy night. It was a dark and stormy night. It was a stormy, dark night. After an introductory word or phrase Slowly, he opened the door. To set off interrupters The class, at last, finished studying grammar. To set off names of people directly being spoken to. Can you show me, Jill, how to do it? To set off an appositive that provides bonus information about a noun that comes right before it Mrs. Williams, our English teacher, wants us to do well. Between the day and the year in a date July 4, 1776 Between the city or town and the state or country when writing an address Ashton, ID After the state or country if the sentence continues In St. Anthony, Idaho, there is one stop light. After the greeting of a casual letter and the closing of all letters Dear Bob, Sincerely, Semicolons To join parts of a compound sentence without a conjunction The dog ran; it caught the cat. To join parts of a compound sentence or items in a series when the phrases and clauses are long and complicated or have commas Students should bring pencils, paper, and books to class; do their homework; and, above all, always do their best. ; Colons To introduce a list of items (not right after a verb or preposition that already introduces it) : Players will need specific equipment: cleats, shin guards, black shorts, and a jersey. After a formal greeting in a business letter Between hours and minutes when telling time Dear Mr. Banker: 9:25 Hyphens - In compound numbers In spelled-out fractions In compound nouns that have a single letter as the first element In compound nouns that lack a noun as one of the elements In compound nouns that end with a prepositional phrase When without the hyphen it creates confusion or a different word thirty-five three-fourths x-ray two-by-four mother-in-law co-op ex-president Dashes — To show an abrupt break in thought. Jack was—I’m not kidding—absolutely hilarious. Parentheses () To set off bonus information, often dates, that are loosely related to the rest of the sentence. During the Civil War (1861-1865), many soldiers died on both sides. Apostrophes ’ Use with any noun to show possession (check by covering up everything after it and see what’s left) cat’s women’s Russ’s Use in contractions or slang words to show replace missing letters can’t rockin’ awesome Use to form the plural of a letter, number (not years such as 1950s), or word that is being referred to as a word Dot your i’s. He scored 9’s. Replace your said’’s with stronger verbs. Quotations “” Use quotation marks at the beginning and end of a direct quotation. Bob said, “I like pizza.” Use commas to set off explanatory words (the narrator that says who is speaking). If the quote is a question or exclamation, then the mark goes inside the closing quotation marks. Jane asked, “What’s for dinner?” If the narrator is the one asking the question, not the person being quoted, then the question mark goes outside the quotation marks. Did Bob say, “I like pizza”? Commas and periods always go inside closing quotation marks because they’re too little to stay outside. A divided quotation is where you split what the person actually said and put explanatory words (the narrator) right in the middle. “Well,” Bob said, “my favorite food is pizza.” An indirect quote is a restatement of a person’s words, and does not need quotation marks. An indirect quote often is introduced by the word that. He said that he didn’t want to go. Punctuating Titles Italics – bigger things Book name CD title Magazine or Newspaper TV series Long musical work Painting Movie Specific trains, ships, airplanes, spacecraft “ ” – smaller things Chapter Song Article Name of an episode Song Poem Essay Short story Capitalization Notes ALWAYS Capitalize: The first word of a sentence. The pronoun “I” The first word in a line of traditional poetry The first word of a direct quotation if it begins a complete sentence. The first word in the greeting and closing of a letter: Yours truly, Capitalize important words in the titles of things People’s names and initials including family words used in the place of names: I gave Mom a flower. (If you added the word my - no capital.) Personal titles and religious terms Names of ethnic groups, languages, cultures, and races Directions such as north, south, east, west when they name particular regions or are parts of proper names: I live in the West. North America Names of bodies of the universe Names of monuments, bridges, and other landmarks Names of particular planes, trains, and other vehicles Names of historical events, eras, and documents Names of special events, awards, and product brands Names of organizations, institutions, businesses, and their abbreviations Names of school subjects when they contain a proper noun or proper adjective and class names when they tell the actual name of the class Months, days, holidays NEVER Capitalize Common nouns that name people, places, or things Family words used as common nouns (Usually have the word “my” before them.) Words after the first word of a closing in a letter: Sincerely yours, Articles, conjunctions, short prepositions (5 letters or less) in a title: How to Paint a Bird Calendar items if they name a season god or goddess when referring to Greek gods