Download Subjects – who or what a clause, phrase, or sentence is about

Subjects – who or what a
clause, phrase, or
sentence is about.
Nouns – proper nouns
examples: John, Mercury,
California
Common nouns –
examples: boy, planet,
state
Pronouns – takes the
place of the noun
Examples: He fed the
cat. She, it, they, we
Gerunds - -ing form of
the verb. Examples:
Reading travel books is
my hobby.
Traveling by train is part
of my daily routine.
Verbs – what the subject
is doing, done or what is
being done to it
1st person: I am hoping
for rain.
2nd person: You are
hoping for rain.
3rd person: He is hoping
for rain.
Simple tenses: past,
present, future
Ex: walk, walked, will walk
Perfect tenses: present
perfect, past perfect,
future perfect
Ex: has walked, had
walked, will have walked
Adjectives modify or
describe a noun or
pronoun
Ex: The big, red, wet,
dog ran in front of the
speeding car. Adj- big,
red, wet, speeding
Adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives and or other
adverbs.
Ex: John walked slower
than I did.
Adverbs answer How?
quickly, slowly, fast
When? Now, then,
Where? Here, there
what extent? more slowly
Direct objects receive
the action expressed in
the verb.
Ex: I have read the book.
Indirect objects tells to
whom, for whom, to what,
or for what the verb is
being done.
Ex: I read the class the
entire book.
Object of a Preposition
Answers the question
whom or what after the
preposition. Ex: John
traveled to the country
in his car.
Words – Suffix comes at
the end of a word
Ex: -s, -ly, - er, -est, -ed
A prefix comes at the
beginning of a word. Ex:
dis-, pre-, re-, interArticles – a, an, the
Prepositional Phrases
Made up of a preposition
plus its object and any
modifiers.
Common prepositions –
about, above, according
to, across, after, against,
along, among, around, at ,
before, behind, below,
beneath, beside,
between, beyond, by,
down, during, except, for,
from, in , in place of,
inside, into, like, near, of,
off, on, out, outside,
over, past, since,
through, to , toward,
under, until, up, upon,
with, within, without
Infinitive phrase(to+verb) which can be
used as a noun, an
adjective, or an adverb.
Ex: To read these papers
will take a long time. To
read is the subject of
the sentence. She had
money to spend. To spend
is the D.O.
Gerund Phrases - -ing
form of the verb as a
noun. Walking is a
healthy exercise.
Participial phrase – the
particle is used as an
adjective – present, past,
perfect participle. Ex:
The girl talking on the
phone is Mary. Talking
modifies girl.
The letter signed by
John was ready for the
mail. The particle signed
modifies the noun letter.
Clauses – Independent
clauses – has a subject
and verb and makes a
complete sentence.
Dependent clause – has a
subject and verb but
doesn’t make a complete
thought.
Conjunctions – and, or,
but, Neither, nor
Kinds of sentences –
declarative makes a
statement
Imperative gives a
command
Interrogative ask a
question
Exclamatory expresses
strong feeling
Simple sentence contains
a subject and a verb and
expresses only one
complete thought.
Compound sentence
contains two or more
independent clauses and
can express more than
one complete thought.
Complex sentence
contains an independent
and a dependent clause.
Compound/complex
sentence contains at
least two independent
clauses and at least one
dependent clause.
Commas separate and
enclose phrases and
clauses – and, but, or,
nor, for, so ,yet
Do not use commas
before conjunctions that
link phrases other than
complete sentences.
Commas separate
elements that introduce
and modify sentences.
Dates: December 7,
1941, Japanese war
planes bombed Pearl
Harbor.
On Wednesday,
December 28, 1994, I
will celebrate my 30th
birthday.
Addresses – The
President of the U.S.
lives at 1600 Pennsylvania
Ave., Washington, D.C.
Numbers – The city
marina cost $8,479,000
Jill’s dress has over
2,500 hand-sewn beads.
With four digit numbers,
commas are optional.
Quotations – Commas
ordinarily separate a
quotation form its
source, such as he said or
she said. Ex: John F.
Kennedy said, Ask not
what your country can do
for you; ask what you can
do for you country.”
Ex: “ I will never
forget,” Mary said, “the
time we went to the
mountains.”
Semicolons- join related
main clauses when a
coordination conjunction
is not used. Ex: I will
not paint the house; you
can’t make me.
Ex: I want to travel this
summer; accordingly, I
have to save money this
winter.
Ex: Jim had given much
thought to his future;
therefore, it came as not
surprise when he
returned to school.
Colons – Ex: Frank
introduced four kinds of
fish into his new
aquarium: three angels,
six tetras, a pair of Bela
sharks, and a spotted
catfish.
Apostrophes – add ‘s to
form the possessive of
singular and plural nouns.
Ex: My mother’s purse
Add only an apostrophe
to form the possessive
plural noun ending in s.
Ex: The cats’ toys were
spread around the room.
Make both nouns
possessive to show joint
possession. Ex: James’
and Susan’s cars were
stolen.
Quotation Marks
Articles, essay titles and
short stories- Ex: The
current edition of Vanity
Fair contains an article
entitled, “Raider of the
Lost Art.”
Chapter, song, and poem
titles should be enclosed
Ex: The Commodores’
“Three Times a Lady” was
the number one hit when
I graduated from high
school.
Note: The period,
comma, exclamation
point, and question
marks are always placed
inside of the ending
quotation marks.
Italics – indicates the
titles of books,
magazines, newspapers,
long plays, poems, etc.
Ex: Newsweek is my
favorite magazine.
Daniel bought a copy of
the L.A. Times.