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Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Earth Space Science Semester 1 Review Earth’s Internal Structures Essential Questions: 1. How do seismic waves provide a detailed picture of Earth’s interior? 2. What are the names of the internal layers of the Earth and what is the composition of each layer? 3. How does the outer core produce the Earth’s magnetic field? 4. How is heat transferred from the core to the crust? 5. Who contributed to the theory of plate tectonics and what does the theory state? 6. How does the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics demonstrate the scientific process? 7. What are the causes of plate motion and what features do they form? 8. How have computer models aided in the study of plate tectonics? Key Vocabulary: Inner core Asthenosphere Oceanic crust Secondary waves Continental drift Slab pull Transform boundary Strike-slip fault Outer Core Lithosphere Mantle Seismograph Mantle Convection Currents Divergent Boundary Normal fault Chemical weathering Mesosphere Continental crust Primary waves Magnetic field Ridge push Convergent boundaries Thrust fault Mechanical weathering Practice: 1. Fill in the chart below on Earth’s internal layers. Layer Composition Density g/cm3 Thickness (km) State of matter Temperature Inner core Outer core Mesosphere Asthenosphere Lithosphere Continental crust Oceanic crust 2. Which of the above layers comprise the mantle? _______________________________________________ ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 1 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 3. Label the layers of the Earth below. 4. Fill in the chart below on seismic waves. Type of wave Description P-wave S-wave 5. What instrument is used to detect earthquakes? ____________________________________________ 6. Describe how Earth’s magnetic field is generated. 7. Describe how heat is transferred from the core through the mantle to the crust. 8. Fill in the chart below about the historical figures associated with plate tectonics. Scientist Contribution Abraham Ortelius Alfred Wegener Alexander Du Toit Harry H. Hess ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 2 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 9. Why was Wegener’s theory of continental drift rejected? 10. Briefly describe how the development of the Theory of Plate Tectonics demonstrates the scientific process. 11. Fill in the chart below about causes of plate motion. Cause of plate motion Text description Mantle convection Picture of process Ridge push Slab pull 12. Fill in the following chart about plate boundaries. Plate boundary Divergent Text description Picture of process Formation produced Convergent: Continental-Continental Convergent: Oceanic-Oceanic ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 3 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Convergent: Oceanic-Continental Transform 13. Fill in the following table about faults. Type of fault Normal Stress that causes type of fault Picture Thrust Strike-slip 14. How do computer models aid in studying the oceans? ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 4 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Earth’s External Structures Essential Questions 1. What surface processes produce surface formations? 2. How are different geologic processes and surface features expressed? 3. What technologies are used to explore the oceans and what are their contributions? 4. What are the surface features of the ocean floor and how do they form? Key vocabulary Gully Seacaves, arches, stacks Rockfall U-shaped valley Dune HONORS, mineral HONORS, soil profile Continental margin Submarine canyon Seamount Guyot Valley Soil Canyon Landslide Lake (glacial erosion) Sandbar HONORS, Igneous, Metamorphic, Sedimentary rocks ROV, AUV Continental shelf Abyssal plain Trench Rill Sinkhole Waterfall Mudflow Delta Barrier island HONORS, Pedalfer, Pedocal, Laterite SONAR Continental rise Mid-ocean ridge PRACTICE 1. Fill in the chart below about weathering. Type of weathering Mechanical Picture of process Description Chemical 2. Draw pictures to show the processes that form the water and gravity erosion features in the table below. Valleys Rills Soil Gullies ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 5 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Karst formations (caverns, lakes, springs) Sinkholes Canyons Sea caves, Sea arches, Sea stacks Rockfalls Waterfalls Mudflows Landslides 3. Draw pictures to show the processes that form the features caused by glacial erosion. U-shaped valleys Lakes 4. How does wind cause changes in natural and human-made structures? ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 6 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 5. Draw pictures to show the processes that form the features caused by deposition. Deltas Dunes Beaches, Sandbars Barrier Islands 6. Fill in the following chart about specific geologic features found in FLORIDA Name Shoreline Features: a.beaches b.sand dunes c.barrier islands Description / How it formed Floridan Aquifer Karst Topography: a. stalactites b. stalagmites c. lakes d. springs ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 7 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 7. Fill in the following chart about specific geologic features found outside of Florida Name Fault lines A-WHERE FOUND (examples) / B-Description / C-How it formed A. B. C. Rugged Mountains A. B. C. Eroded Mountains A. B. C. Canyons A. B. C. Water falls A. B. C. Volcanoes A. B. C. 8. Fill in the chart below about sea floor exploration. Type of exploration Vessels Description Picture Submersibles a. ROV b. AUV ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 8 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Diving SONAR & satellites 9. How is new ocean basin created? ____________________________________________________________ 10. Label the ocean floor features in the diagram below: a. Submarine canyon b. Trench c. Abyssal plain d. Seamount e. Guyot f. Continental rise g. Mid-Ocean Ridge h. Continental slope i. Continental margin j. Continental shelf Evolution Essential questions: 1. What are the main lines of scientific evidence that support the scientific theory of evolution by natural selection? 2. How does the theory of evolution by natural selection demonstrate the scientific process? 3. What are scientific explanations of the origin of life on Earth? 4. How do these competing hypotheses demonstrate the scientific process? Key vocabulary Evolution Biogeography HONORS, Tar seep Panspermia Fossilization ESS Sem 1 Review Homologous structures HONORS, mummification HONORS, Petrification Primordial soup 7/29/11 Vestigial structures HONORS, Amber Hydrothermal vents Spontaneous generation 9 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Practice 1. How does the fossil record support the scientific theory of evolution? 2. Fill in the following chart. Term Definition/meaning in evolution Homologous structure Picture Vestigial structure Biogeography 3. Discuss how similarities in structures among species provide evidence of evolution. 4. Briefly describe how the Theory of Evolution demonstrates the scientific process. ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 10 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 5. Fill out the following chart about hypotheses of origins of life. Hypothesis Hydrothermal vents Description Panspermia Primordial soup Spontaneous Generation 6. How do the competing hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth demonstrates the scientific process? ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ Atoms Essential questions 1. What does the atomic theory state? 2. What fundamental forces are at work inside the atom? 3. List and describe the four states of matter. 4. Where would you expect to find each state of matter in/on our planet? The universe? Key vocabulary Atom Electron Gravitaitonal force Weak Nuclear force Gas Proton Matter Electromagnetic force Solid Plasma Neutron Mass Strong Nuclear force Liquid Practice 1. Fill in the table describing the structure of an atom. Name of Particle Charge Mass Location within Atom Proton ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 11 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ Neutron Electron 2. Describe how matter is composed of units called atoms. 3. Of the fundamental forces (Gravitational, Weak Nuclear, Strong Nuclear, and Electromagnetic) the two below are at work in the atom. Fill in the chart. Type of Force Role in the Atom Draw a picture Electromagnetic Strong Nuclear 4. What is matter? 5. Fill in the following table describing the four states of matter. State of Matter How are the molecules organized & how do they move? Picture Example Solid Liquid Gas Plasma ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 12 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 6. Where would you expect to find each state of matter in/on: Our planet? Universe? Solid: Solid Liquid: Liquid Gas: Gas Plasma Earth’s Cycles Essential questions 1. How does matter move through the biosphere? 2. How does water cycle through the biosphere? 3. What are the names of Earth’s systems? 4. How are the systems different? 5. How do different systems interact with each other? 6. What patterns exist within Earth’s ocean currents? 7. What causes currents? 8. What impact does the Coriolis Effect have on currents? 9. What effects do currents have on climate? Key vocabulary Hydrosphere Geosphere Nitrogen Cycle Ocean Currents Convection Atmosphere Biosphere Hydrologic (Water) Cycle Coriolis Effect Density Cryosphere Carbon Cycle Phosphorus Cycle Salinity Hemisphere 1. Label the nitrogen cycle. Use the following terms (one term will be used more than once). bacteria fixation denitrification fertilizers lightning fixation plant consumption nitrification ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 13 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 2. How do the hydrosphere and biosphere interact on Earth? 3. How does the cryosphere affect the geosphere? 4. Label the phosphorus cycle. Use the following terms: Dead organisms 1. bacteria in soil 2. rock Uplifting of rock 3. weathering of rock 4. 5. runoff 6. 5. How do the cryosphere and hydrosphere affect ocean salinity? ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 14 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 6. Explain how the atmosphere and hydrosphere interact to create weather. 7. Label the carbon cycle. Use the following terms: carbonification combustion dead organisms and animal waste decay diffusion photosynthesis respiration runoff sedimentation 8. Label the water cycle. Use the following terms (one term will be used more than once). Condensation Precipitation Transpiration Evaporation Runoff Accumulation ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 15 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 9. Describe how the water cycle is driven by the energy of the sun. 10. Using colored pencils, draw the general trends of currents. Use RED arrows to indicate warm currents and BLUE arrows to indicate cold currents in both hemispheres. 11. Describe the causes of surface and deep ocean currents. 12. How do ocean currents transfer heat? ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 16 Name: _____________________________________________ Pd: _______ Date: _______________ 13. What impact do ocean currents have on the transfer of energy & climate? 14. Describe how the Coriolis Effect acts differently based on location on Earth. 15. Describe the movement of heat energy by the process of convection. ESS Sem 1 Review 7/29/11 17