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Biology Unit 1b Study Guide SB5. Students will evaluate the role of natural selection in the development of the theory of evolution. a. Trace the history of the theory b. Explain the history of life in terms of biodiversity, ancestry, and rates of evolution c. Explain how fossil and biochemical evidence support the theory d. Relate natural selection to changes in organisms SB3. Students will derive the relationship between single-celled and multi-celled organisms and the increasing complexity of systems. c. Examine the evolutionary basis of modern classification systems 1. Based on Darwin’s theory of natural selection organisms best adapted to their environment survive due to what? Adaptations that increase fitness 2. What contributions did the following scientist make to the theory of evolution? Lamarck- Organisms acquire characteristics according to their needs Malthus- Populations double and double again Darwin- Environment selects for best inherited traits Wallace- Organisms with the best traits survive 3. Describe Pastures experiment? What did his experiment prove? swan neck flask with broth ,only living things can produce living things 4. Provide a drawing of the Miller-Urey experiment and describe what material was collected in the collection container that was considered a building block of life. Amino acid 5. Similarities in the structure of the radius and metacarpals of humans, dogs, cats and dolphins suggest what? Common ancestor 6. What are homologous structures? Provided an example the anatomical structures from a common ancestor. Radius and metacarpals of humans, dogs, cats and dolphins 7. What is comparative biochemistry? Copy the chart on pg 427 (figure 15.9) and describe what information is being presented compares amino acid sequences of cytochrones in human and other organisms 8. How does the fossil record support the theory of evolution? (pg 423) modern forms of life evolve from earlier forms of life 9. Why can’t the fossil record be utilized to determine the behavior patterns of extent organisms? Fossil record can be used to determine how organisms change through time, and not for behavioral patterns 10. What are vestigial structures? Provide two examples reduced forms of a functional structure, pelvic bones whales and snakes. 11. What is natural selection? Does natural selection act upon individuals or populations? Why adaptations that increase an organisms fitness, natural selections to populations not individuals 12. Why is variation important within species in terms of survival when the environment changes? Increases the likely hood that some members of the species will survive 13. What factors determine if a trait will become more common over a period of time in a population if it increases the survival of an organism 14. What is directional selection? Draw and label the graph (pg.434) extreme forms of traits are favored (graph is to the left or right) Small and large are extreme , medium is middle. 15. What is stabilizing selection? Draw and label the graph (pg.434) extreme forms of traits are not favored ( graph is in the middle ) 16. What is convergent evolution? Provided an example (a dolphin and penguin) unrelated but have similar traits 17. How is punctuated equilibrium different than gradualism? Punctuated – biological change occurs quickly over a short period of time. Gradualism – no or small changes over a large period of time 18. Provided an example of geological event on Earth that would result the extinction of one species, but the rise of another. Climate change resulting in massive extinction 19. What is endosymbiosis? Provide an illustration eukaryotic cells came from prokaryotic cells 20. What is an amniotic egg? And how did this adaptation lead to organisms moving from the sea to land? An egg with yolk can’t lay eggs in ocean 21. Draw and label the cladogram on pg. 496 (figure 17.11) use this cladogram to answer questions 22-24 22. What characteristics are found in the Ferns, but not in Moss? Vascular tissues 23. By looking at the cladogram what trait do all the organisms have in common? Ansester chloroplast, anchors or roots 24. What organisms are more closely related? Moss and Conifers, Moss and Lilies, or Ferns and Conifers? Justify your answer. Fern and conifer , share derived characteristics and a common ansester 25. What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration? What type of respiration would be more primitive? What type of cells fist appeared on earth? Why do you think so? aerobic is with oxygen anaerobic is without oxygen , anaerobic more primitive , prokaryotic cells 26. Copy table 15.1 (pg. 422) Basic principles of natural selection. ( individuals with more favorable traits are more likely to reproduce)