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Chapter 13-15 Study Guide / Review Vocabulary Terms Chapter 13 - Meiosis Gene Locus Asexual vs. sexual reproduction Somatic cell Karyotype Homologous chromosomes Sex chromosomes vs. autosomes Haploid vs. diploid Fertilization Zygote Meiosis (I and II) Synapsis Tetrad Chiasmata Crossing over Ch 15 – Chromosomes & Genetics Sex determination Barr bodies Pedigrees Nondisjunction Down syndrome Chapter 14 – Mendelian Genetics Trait True-breeding Monohybrid vs. dihybrid cross P, F1, F2 generations Alleles Dominant vs. recessive Law of segregation Homozygous vs. heterozygous Genotype vs. phenotype Testcross Law of independent assortment Incomplete dominance Codominance Multiple alleles pleiotropy Epistasis Polygenic inheritance Pedigree Cystic fibrosis Tay-Sachs disease Sickle-cell disease Huntington’s disease Amniocentesis Chorionic villus sampling Ultrasound ABO blood groups Sex-linked inheritance Linked genes / linkage maps Duchenne muscular dystrophy Aneuploidy X and Y chromosomes Recombinant frequencies Hemophilia Monosomic / trisomic / polyploidy Review / Short Answer 1 a) If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes will be present in somatic cells? b) If 2n = 18, how many chromosomes will be found in the gametes? c) If n = 18, how many chromosomes will be found in diploid somatic cells? d) If n = 18, how many pairs of homologous chromosomes will be found in gametes? e) If 2n = 32, how many different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes are possible? 2) In the spaces provided below, draw and label a cell with a diploid number of 6 (2n = 6) in prophase I of meiosis before and after crossing over has occurred. Use colored pencils and color the maternal chromosomes one color and the paternal chromosomes a different color. After crossing over, use the appropriate colors to show the “new” locations of the exchanged chromosomal sections. Then draw prophase II of meiosis. PROPHASE I OF MEIOSIS (before/during crossing over) PROPHASE I OF MEIOSIS (after crossing over) PROPHASE II OF MEIOSIS 3) Two true-breeding varieties of a newly discovered plant species are crossed. One parent has red, axial flowers, and the other had white, terminal flowers. All F1 individuals had red, terminal flowers. If 100 F2 offspring were counted, how many of the offspring would you expect to have red, axial flowers? 4) What are two advantages to using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) over amniocentesis? (see Fig. 14.19 on p. 281) 5) Flower position, stem length, and seed shape were three characters that Mendel studied. Each is controlled by an independently assorting gene and has dominant and recessive expression as follows: Character flower position stem length seed shape Dominant axial (A) tall (T) round (R) Recessive terminal (a) dwarf (t) wrinkled (r) If a pea plant that is heterozygous for all three characteristics were allowed to self-fertilize, what proportion of the offspring would be expected to be as follows: (Note: use the rules of probability instead of a huge Punnett square). A) homozygous for the three dominant traits: B) homozygous for the three recessive traits: C) heterozygous: D) homozygous for axial and tall, heterozygous for seed shape: 6) Consider the pedigree below for the trait albinism (lack of skin pigmentation) in three generations of a family. (Solid symbols represent individuals who are albinos). From your knowledge of Mendelian inheritance, answer the questions that follow. A) Is this trait caused by a dominant or recessive allele? How can you tell? B) Determine the genotypes of the parents in the first generation. (Let AA and Aa represent normal pigmentation and aa be the albino genotype.) C) Determine the probable genotypes of the every individual in the second generation. D) Can you determine the genotype of son 3 in the second generation? Why or why not? 7) The height of spike weed is a result of polygenic inheritance involving three genes, each of which can contribute an additional 5 cm to the base height of the plant. The base height of the week is 10 cm, and the tallest plant can reach 40 cm. For example, with a genotype of aabbcc, a plant would be the shortest height, 10 cm. Each time you add a dominant allele to the genotype, it adds 5 cm to the base height. So, a genotype of Aabbcc, would have an additional 5 cm over the base height, or a phenotype of 15 cm. A) If a tall plant (AABBCC) is crossed with a base-height plant (aabbcc), what is the height of the the F1 plants? B) How many phenotypic classes will there be in the F2 generation? (list them) 8) Examine this karyotype. Identify whether this individual is male or female, and if there are any chromosomal abnormalities. 9) What are the three events (specific to sexually reproducing organisms) which can contribute to genetic variation in offspring? WHEN does each occur? ● ● ● 10) The following recombination frequencies were found between genes A, B, C, D, and E. Determine the order of these genes on the chromosome and sketch a linkage map of this chromosome with the map units labeled. A, C: 10% B, C: 4% C, D: 20% A, D: 30% B, D: 16% A, E: 6% B, E: 20% 11) In guinea pigs, black (B) is dominant to brown (b), and solid color (S) is dominant to spotted (s). A heterozygous black, solid-colored pig is mated with a brown, spotted pig. The total offspring for several litters are: black solid = 16; black spotted = 5; brown solid = 5; brown spotted = 14. Are these genes linked or nonlinked? If they are linked, how many map units are they apart? 12) Complete the table below for genetic disorders. Disorder Sickle Cell Anemia Cause Symptoms Huntington’s Disease Achondroplasia Cystic Fibrosis Duchenne muscular dystrophy Hemophilia Down syndrome Klinefelter syndrome Turner syndrome cri du chat Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) 13) Two normal-sighted individuals produce the following children and grandchildren. Fill in the probable genotype of each individual (next to each circle or each square) in the pedigree. Squares are males, circles are females, and solid symbols represent individuals with colorblindness. You must show the sex chromosome complement for each individual and put the genes for this trait on the X chromosome. (example: X C Xc) 14) CHI-SQUARE PROBLEM: A genetics engineer was attempting to cross a tiger and a cheetah. She predicted a phenotypic outcome of the traits she was observing to be in the following ratio: 4 stripes only: 3 spots only: 9 both stripes and spots. When the cross was performed and she counted the individuals she found 50 with stripes only, 41 with spots only and 85 with both. According to the Chi-square test, are these results within an acceptable statistical range for the engineer to accept her original prediction (null hypothesis)?