* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Chapter 23 (Section 3) Pregnancy, Birth, and
Thermal spraying wikipedia , lookup
Colloidal crystal wikipedia , lookup
Abundance of the chemical elements wikipedia , lookup
Electrochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Inorganic chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Crystallization wikipedia , lookup
History of electrochemistry wikipedia , lookup
Water pollution wikipedia , lookup
Liquid–liquid extraction wikipedia , lookup
History of molecular theory wikipedia , lookup
Artificial photosynthesis wikipedia , lookup
Molecular dynamics wikipedia , lookup
Elementary particle wikipedia , lookup
Particle-size distribution wikipedia , lookup
Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals wikipedia , lookup
Metalloprotein wikipedia , lookup
Water splitting wikipedia , lookup
IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry 2005 wikipedia , lookup
History of chemistry wikipedia , lookup
Freshwater environmental quality parameters wikipedia , lookup
Chemistry: A Volatile History wikipedia , lookup
Sol–gel process wikipedia , lookup
Evolution of metal ions in biological systems wikipedia , lookup
Electrolysis of water wikipedia , lookup
IV. LESSON 4 Unit 1 – Lessons 1-6 “Describing Matter” (Pages 4-87) A. Pure Substances and Mixtures 1. ALL matter is composed of particles called ____________ 2. Atoms form _______________ and come together in different ways to form COMPOUNDS and MIXTURES 3. ATOM SMALLEST unit of an ______________ and maintain the PROPERTIES of that element 4. MOLECULE SMALLEST unit of a ____________; maintaining PROPERTIES of the compound 5. ELEMENT matter that is composed of one kind of __________ (e.g. sulfur [__]; carbon [__]) a. each ELEMENT has its own CHARACTERISTIC, chemical, and _______________ properties *b. elements can NOT be ___________ down into other substances by any CHEMICAL means c. some MATTER exists in elemental form [(e.g.) gold [___] = not chemically ______________)] *d. ELEMENTS individually or combined form everything in the universe including HUMANS *1. Human body’s most abundant ___________: carbon [__], oxygen [__], hydrogen [__], and nitrogen [__]; for teeth & BONES = calcium [__] and phosphorus [__]; for taste buds = zinc [__]; for nervous system = copper [__]; for blood = iron [__] *e. There are currently 118 known ______________ and ___ are found in nature, while the others are ________________________ (man-made), but we only use between 30-40 elements daily *1. The discovery of all the ___________________ to date has taken THOUSANDS of years *2. In ancient times, it was believed there were “4” _______________: water, air, land, fire *f. The chemical symbol of an ELEMENT is a shorthand form of the element’s ___________ *1. The chemical SYMBOL always BEGINS with a ______________ letter, with any other letter(s) written in their ______________-_________ form *a. (e.g.) sulfur [__]; iodine [__]; fluorine [__]; helium [___]; gallium [___] *2. Some elements’ ___________ symbols are based on their Latin, Greek or Arabic name *a. (e.g.) gold [___]; silver [___]; mercury [___]; tin [___]; lead [___] 6. COMPOUND substance composed of two or more kinds of ATOM that has been ______________ combined (e.g. sodium chloride [________]; hydrogen peroxide [_______]; iron oxide [_______]) a. every COMPOUND has its own distinct _______________ 1. the PROPERTIES of a compound differ from the PROPERTIES of the individual _________________ making up the COMPOUND a. (e.g.) sodium [___] and chlorine [___] individually have totally _______________ properties compared to the COMPOUND sodium chloride [_______] b. MOST matter on Earth exists in the form of a _________________ *c. When a COMPOUND forms, it ALWAYS contains the _________ elements and the _________ number of atoms per ELEMENT in exactly the SAME ratio *1. WATER = is always composed of the ______________ hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:1 ratio of atoms respectively H2O *2. HYDROGEN PEROXIDE = is always composed of the ______________ hydrogen [__] and oxygen [__] with a 2:2 ratio of atoms respectively __________ *d. A chemical formula is a chemical abbreviation for writing a ________________ *1. A formula includes: ____________ symbols of the ELEMENTS and numbers written as subscripts to show the ratio of ____________ per ELEMENT *a. If an ELEMENT has NO subscript, the ______________ is understood to be “__” *b. (e.g.) carbon monoxide [____]; carbon dioxide [_____]; ammonia [____] *e. Examples of COMPOUNDS: *1. Table salt = _________ [sodium, chlorine w/1:1 atom ratio] *2. Sand = __________ [silicon, oxygen w/1:2 atom ratio] *3. Table sugar = _______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/12:22:11 atom ratio] *4. Glucose = ______________ [carbon, hydrogen, oxygen w/6:12:6 atom ratio] *5. Chalk = ________________ [calcium, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:3 atom ratio] *6. Iron oxide (rust) = ______________ [iron, oxygen w/2:3 atom ratio] *7. Baking soda = ____________ [sodium, hydrogen, carbon, oxygen w/1:1:1:3 atom ratio] *f. COMPOUNDS _____ be broken down, but because the elements were ______________ joined together, a __________________ process is necessary to SEPARATE them *1. Heating breaks down some __________________: iron separated from oxygen (e.g.) 2 Fe2O3 + 3 C (are heated) 4 Fe + 3 CO2 (the _______ [Fe] is SEPARATED) *2. Electrolysis is an ______________ current passed through some COMPOUNDS to break them down: water is broken down into _____________ gas [H2] and _________ gas [O2] (e.g.) 2 H2O (electricity is added) 2 H2 + O2 (the ____________ [H] and _________ [O] are __________________) *3. Some COMPOUNDS are so UNSTABLE that they break down without the use of ____________ or ELECTROLYSIS *a. LIGHT acts as a catalyst (something that SPEEDS up a reaction) and is all that is needed to break down an ____________ compound: hydrogen peroxide [_____] is broken down into WATER [______] and ____________ gas [O2] (e.g.) 2 H2O2 (exposed to _______) 2 H2O + O2 (DECOMPOSED into water and oxygen) 7. MIXTURE is matter that has been MIXED or blended together PHYSICALLY, but NOT ___________________ combined a. since MIXTURES are NOT ____________________ joined together, each substance retains its __________________ and CHEMICAL properties *b. MIXTURES, however, do _____ require a specific RATIO of substances *1. Sugar water = is composed of the SOLUTE (substance being dissolved) sugar and the SOLVENT (substance doing the dissolving) water *a. Add more sugar (______________), the solution becomes CONCENTRATED *b. Add LESS sugar (______________), the solution becomes DILUTED B. Pure Substances: ELEMENTS and COMPOUNDS 1. Two types of PURE substances: __________________ (e.g.) potassium [__]; aluminum [___]; sodium [___] __________________ (e.g.) _____ [NaCl]; glucose [_______]; TABLE _______ [C12H22O11] 2. Pure substances have definite characteristic (INTRINSIC), physical, and chemical ______________ a. Properties of PURE substances remain consistent because the most basic particles (_______ and _____________) making up each substance are IDENTICAL [(e.g.) copper [__]; water [____] ] 3. CHEMICAL bonds (ionic and covalent bonds) are FORCES that hold the __________ together that form COMPOUNDS and can only be broken by a _______________ change (electrolysis, heat, light) 4. Classifications of PURE substances are according to their PROPERTIES a. ELEMENTS are classified into 3 groups: __________, ______________ and METALLOIDS *1. METALS (metallic) have the following PROPERTIES: *a. LUSTER the amount of __________ or brightness (e.g.) chromium [___] *b. MALLEABLE able to be hammered, rolled, or shaped without _____________ (e.g.) copper (___); gold [___]; aluminum [___] *c. _________ able to be drawn into a WIRE (e.g.) tungsten [__]; platinum [___] *d. Good CONDUCTORS of _______ items made from these elements heat quickly and distribute the heat evenly (e.g.) iron [___]; aluminum [___] *e. Good ______________ of ELECTRICITY metals through which electrons move freely forming ____________ currents (e.g.) gold [__]; copper [__]; tungsten [__] *f. ______ of MATTER at room temperature (25o C) most metals are a SOLID at room temp; except mercury [___]; copernicium [___], which are ________ at 25o C *g. Some METALS exist for a short period of time in pure form (e.g.) francium [___] *2. NON-METALS (non-metallic) elements’ PROPERTIES: *a. ________ of MATTER at room temperature (25o C) nonmetals are a SOLID or ____ at room temperature, except bromine [__], only _________ non-metal at 25o C *1. Nonmetals have “____________” properties of metals: low or no LUSTER, poor conductors of HEAT /electricity, and not ductile or _______________ *3. METALLOIDS, the “6” elements that BORDER between the _______________ and NONMETALS, having properties “___________” those of METALS and _____________ *a. Common metalloids: *1. silicon [__] – combined with oxygen forming sand [_____], glass and cement *2. boron [__] – is used in CLEANING solutions *3. arsenic [__] – is a POISON *b. Metalloids CONDUCT electricity LESS efficiently than ___________, but MORE efficiently than _____________________ *1. silicon [__] and germanium [__] – are used as ______-CONDUCTORS to make computer chips, transistors, and LASERS *c. Two other METALLOIDS are: _______________ [Sb] and ______________ [Te] *d. _______________ [Al] although it borders the line that SEPARATES the metallic from the non-metallic ELEMENTS; it is definitely a ______________ *e. ____________ [At] and ___________ [Po] also border the zigzag line, but are still being debated as to whether they are METALLOIDS b. COMPOUNDS can be classified as a BASE, ________, or NEUTRAL substance based on their “pH” value (determined using a LITMUS indicator): ACIDS have a pH value ________ “7”; (e.g.) vinegar [CH3COOH]; litmus turns RED BASES have a pH value _______ “7”; (e.g.) baking soda [NaHCO3]; litmus turns BLUE NEUTRAL substances’ ___ value is “_”; (e.g.) distilled water [____]; litmus NO change c. COMPOUNDS can also be classified as ORGANIC or INORGANIC 1. ORGANIC compounds have chemical bonds between carbon [__] & hydrogen [__] atoms a. ____________ compounds made from BIOTIC matter are called BIOCHEMICALS 1. Four categories of _____________________: a. _______________________: a macronutrient and source of ENERGY (e.g.) sugar, starch, fiber b. ___________: a macronutrient that stores EXCESS energy and forms CELL membranes (e.g.) FATS, oil, wax c. ___________: a macronutrient that regulates body CHEMICAL activities; builds and REPAIRS cellular structures d. _________ ______: contain genetic information (e.g.) _____ and RNA; build PROTEINS C. Mixtures 1. MIXTURE consists of TWO or more substances that are MIXED / BLENDED together, but do NOT react ____________ to form a NEW substance, instead keeping their original PROPERTIES 2. Mixtures are not ______ substances (not an element or compound) 3. Components of a MIXTURE are NOT all IDENTICAL and do NOT have DEFINITE properties because they do NOT have a defined __________________ makeup 4. Mixtures can be __________________ by PHYSICAL means which depends on their physical and chemical PROPERTIES *a. Methods used to separate the substances of MIXTURES are: ____________ separation the substances (e.g. remove mushroom topping from pizza) ___________________ various sized particles (e.g. sifting dirt particles) __________________ force of attraction or repulsion between MAGNETIC materials *1. (e.g.) iron [Fe – most _____________ element ] nails from aluminum [___] nails) __________ (mass/volume) can separate substances NATURALLY (e.g. sand in water) *1. CENTRIFUGE [e.g. separates parts of _______ (white, red blood cells; plasma)] DISTILLATION is the process of BOILING away water or letting water _____________ (the 2 forms of vaporization) from a SOLUTION, leaving the SOLID that was DISSOLVED as a residue 5. MIXTURES are classified into two types: HOMOGENEOUS and HETEROGENEOUS a. HOMOGENEOUS the substances are EVENLY dispersed throughout the _______________ due to the __________________ (going from areas of HIGH concentration to areas of LOW concentration) of the particles throughout the mixture 1. Particles are extremely SMALL; they will _____ settle out; ALWAYS stay ___________ 2. SOLUTION homogeneous mixture where one substance is _____________ in another *a. Types of SOLUTIONS: *1. the most common SOLUTION is a _________ dissolved in a LIQUID *a. (e.g.) SUGAR (solute – the substance being dissolved) and water (solvent – the substance that dissolves other materials) *2. one LIQUID dissolved in another ____________ *a. (e.g.) Ethylene glycol (________) and WATER (__________) to make ANTIFREEZE (FREEZING pt = -13o C; ___________ pt = 176 o C) *3. a _______ dissolved in a LIQUID *a. (e.g.) CARBON DIOXIDE gas (_________) and soda (_________) to make a carbonated soft drink *4. a ________ dissolved in another GAS *a. (e.g.) _____ is a mixture of oxygen [__], argon [___] and carbon dioxide [_____] (SOLUTES); nitrogen gas [N2] (______________) *b. ALLOYS (special solutions) are solid SOLUTIONS of metals ____________ in other metals and also non-metals ______________ in METALS *1. Steel is a SOLUTION of metal iron [__] and non-metal carbon [__]; making the steel alloy exceptionally strong *2. Bronze is a _______________ of metal copper [__] and metal tin [__]; bronze is the earliest of the _____________ *3. Brass is a ______________ of metal copper [__] and metal zinc [__]; making the brass alloy very ______________ (bendable/shapeable) *4. Sterling silver is a ____________ of metal silver [__] and metal copper [__]; harder and does NOT tarnish like pure silver [___] *5. Solder is a __________ of metal tin [__] and metal lead [__]; LOW MELTING point and is used to join _____________ together *6. Wood’s metal is a __________ of metal bismuth [__], metal lead [__], metal tin [__], and metal cadmium [__]; used in sprinkler systems in buildings *c. Concentration is a way to describe a SOLUTION because different amounts of _______________ can be DISSOLVED in different amounts of ___________ *1. DILUTE are solutions with a __________ amount of SOLUTE *a. (e.g.) “WEAK” tea (_____________ in color; __________ in taste) *2. CONCENTRATED are solutions with a LARGE amount of _________ *a. (e.g.) “STRONG” tea (darker in _________; stronger in ________) *d. Solubility is a MEASURE of how well a ___________ can ______________ in a SOLVENT at a given TEMPERATURE *1. SOLUBLE SOLUTES that WILL _______________ in a ___________ *2. INSOLUBLE _____________ that will ____ dissolve in a SOLVENT *3. SATURATED are solutions with so much SOLUTE that NO _________ will DISSOLVE *4. UNSATURATED are solutions where ________ solute will CONTINUE to _________________ when added to the SOLVENT *5. SUPERSATURATED are solutions containing more SOLUTE than the SOLVENT at a given _________________ can DISSOLVE *6. For many SOLIDS, solubility INCREASES as the temperatures __________, because a solid’s particles move ____________ and spread _______________ apart allowing more room in the SOLVENT for ________ dissolved particles *a. (e.g.) Potassium nitrate [__NO3] and ______________ chloride [KCl] *7. For many GASES, an __________________ in temperature DECREASES the solubility of a gas in a liquid, because the speed of the dissolved gas particles INCREASES, causing the particles to gain energy and _______________ the solution more readily. *a. (e.g.) Bubbles of DISSOLVED air escape long before the water boils, because water is able to hold ______ air in solution as its temperature _________________ *e. Effects of Solutes on Solutions *1. Lower the Freezing Points Solutes LOWER the FREEZING point of a ___________, because the SOLUTE particles interfere with the SOLVENT’S particles making it HARDER for the water molecules to form _____________ *a. (e.g.) A salt water SOLUTION – the temperature must drop lower than ___C for water to ____________ and for a SOLID to form *2. Higher Boiling Points Solutes RAISE the BOILING point of a ___________, because the SOLUTE particles make it HARDER for the water molecules to gain energy and _____________ into the air. *a. (e.g.) A salt water SOLUTION – temperature must go higher than ____ C for the water to gain more ________ for the water to BOIL *f. Water [H2O] is the UNIVERSAL solvent for _________________ *1. However, NOT all solutes _________________ in water *a. (e.g.) oil-based paints require TURPENTINE as the _____________ b. HETEROGENEOUS substances ______ evenly distributed throughout the MIXTURE 1. Particles are LARGER, can __________ in size and do NOT stay ____________ 2. SUSPENSION heterogeneous mixture where particles of one substance are SCATTERED throughout another substance and WILL eventually ________ out *3. Types of SUSPENSIONS: *1. solid particles _________________ / SUSPENDED in a liquid *a. (e.g.) sand in WATER; juices w/_________; Italian SALAD dressing *2. solid particles _________________ / SUSPENDED in a gas *a. (e.g.) dust or SMOKE particles in the ______ *3. gas molecules _________________ / SUSPENDED in a liquid *a. (e.g.) AIR scattered in a “creamy” fluid to make shaving __________ and ________________ cream *4. COLLOID has MEDIUM - SIZED particles that remain MIXED in a gas, _______ or ____________ *a. Colloids appear to be SOLUTIONS, because their particles are well-mixed and are too _________ to be SEEN because they are ___________________ evenly in another substance *1. Colloids are HETEROGENEOUS, but have a homogeneous ______ *b. a COLLOID’s particles are large enough, however, to “______________” or “SUSPEND” a beam of ____________, but a solution’s particles are NOT *c. (e.g.) MILK, fog, ________________, gelatin and ________________ *d. SOLUTION versus ______________ (Tyndall effect): *5. EMULSION is a special type of COLLOID that consists of one liquid ___________ in another LIQUID *a. Emulsions are well-mixed substances that have a homogeneous _________, but are ______________________ mixtures *b. (e.g.) mayonnaise is an EMULSION of vinegar (_________) SUSPENDED in oil (_____________) and egg yolks (the emulsifier) *c. EMULSIFIER is a substance that keeps the particles in one LIQUID MIXED in another __________ *1. (e.g.) in mayonnaise the ___________________ is the EGG YOLKS *d. Many, but NOT all EMULSIONS have ____________________