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Transcript
Chapter 6: Cell Structure and Function 6.1: Organisms are made of cells: What is a cell? Explain the contributions of each of the following Scientists: a) Hooke: b) Leewenhoek: These 3 are not in the textbook…see what you can find: c) Schwann: d) Schleiden: e) Virchow: List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory: (1) (2) (3) The Cell 1 Complete the following chart: Type of Microscope Maximum Magnification What is “used” to see the image? Positives/Negatives Compound Light Scanning Electron (SEM) Transmission Electron (TEM) What is a micrograph? Define Organelle: ALL cells consist of three basic parts. List and explain them: (1) (2) (3) What are 2 key differences between plant cells and animal cells? Explain each of the following: A) Prokaryotes B) Eukaryotes The Cell 2 6.2: Membranes organize a cell’s activities: Explain the following cell organelles: Plasma Membrane: What is the phospholipid bilayer? Explain the fluid mosaic model: Draw and label figure 6-8 here: 6.4: The cell builds a diversity of products: Nucleus: Nuclear Envelope: Nucleolus: Ribosomes: The Cell 3 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER: - Rough ER: - Smooth ER: Golgi Apparatus: Vacuoles: Lysosomes: Draw and explain Figure 6-24: 6.5: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria energize cells: Chloroplasts: The Cell 4 Draw and label a chloroplast: Mitochondria: Draw and label a mitochondrion (That’s singular for Mitochondria): What is ATP? 6.6: An internal skeleton supports the cell and enables movement: Cytoskeleton: Microtubules: Microfilaments: Flagella: Cilia: The Cell 5 Extra Credit: History of the Cell Timeline Assignment Background: The cell theory, which you briefly learned about in chapter one, was not developed overnight. It took many years and many discoveries to finally come up with the current theory. You will research those events and the people involved and create a neat, colorful timeline based on the history of the cell. Summary: 1. Students will research historical events leading to the development of the cell theory. o Research should include contributions made by the following people/scientists -Robert Hooke, Hans and Zacharias Janssen, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolph Virchow, etc. and dates of their contributions. 2. Students will report on their findings by constructing a timeline showing the chronology of the historical events leading to the development of the cell theory. Materials for each student or pair of students: Reference materials (texts, Internet, teacher handout with information) rulers paper/poster colored pencils or markers. Student Procedures: Research the following people: List some of their contributions to science and dates of these contributions.Robert HookeHans and Zacharias JanssenAnton van LeeuwenhoekMatthias SchleidenTheodor SchwannRudolph Virchow. Draw a timeline showing the chronological order of these scientists and their contributions. Label the timeline with dates of the above scientists' discoveries. The earliest date should be on the left of the timeline and the most recent date on the right. Label each date with the corresponding scientist's name and contribution(s) in an organized and legible manner. Be sure your spacing shows a reasonable approximation of the amount of time elapsed between dates. Questions: Type up these questions and your answers and hand them in with your timeline. **ON A SEPARATE SHEET!! 1. What theory did these scientists provide evidence for? 2. What instrument was necessary before the cell theory could be developed? 3. Which three scientists directly contributed evidence for the cell theory? 4. How did the earlier scientists and their contributions directly affect the discoveries of later scientists (see #2)? For example, what had to come first? 5. List the three parts of the cell theory. The Cell 6 3 PARTS OF THE CELL THEORY (add scientists who helped discover each part) a) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ b) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ c) ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ TWO MAIN CLASSES OF CELLS List information about each of the two main types of cells from the reading. PROKARYOTIC EUKARYOTIC THE BASIC PARTS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL Organelle = ______________________________________________________________________ LABEL the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus and state the FUNCTION of each. Cell membrane maintains cellular ____________________________________________. Cytoplasm provides a liquid environment for __________________________________________________ to occur. Nucleus contains the directions that _____________________________________ the cell. The Cell 7 PLANTS VERSUS ANIMALS THE ANIMAL CELL: How are plant & animal cells different? How are plant & animal cells similar? The Cell 8 Cell Analogy: What is a cell like to you? Procedure: Cells are like small communities, with many parts doing specialized jobs to help the whole. You will be creating an analogy as you compare the cell to a place, thing or event and relate at least 8 organelles to parts of your place, thing or event. 1. Decide what your analogy will be… the more creative the better 2. Title- “The cell is like____” 3. List each part in the table below, followed by the part it is like in your analogy. 4. Begin with a composite cell either: a. Drawn in the middle of a poster or b. Placed in the center of a Prezi or c. Placed in the first slide of a powerpoint 5. You will connect each part in the composite cell to a picture of the analogous part around the outside. Include a description of the function of the part and how it is similar to the organelle.. A cell is like a ... Organelle a. Nucleus b. Mitochondria c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Lysosome e. Vacuole f. Ribosomes g. Vesicles h. Golgi complex i. Cell membrane 2 extra organelles _______________________________________ Analogy The Cell 9 The Cell Analogy Assignment 4 = awesome 3 = admirable 2 = acceptable 1 = attempted Organelle #1 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #2 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #3 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #4 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #5 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #6 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #7 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 Organelle #8 Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy. Explanation is clear and accurate. Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the analogy) like the (function that part of the cell). 4 3 2 1 PRESENTATION Both partners share the presentation. Well coordinated. Appears that both presenters know what they are talking about (confidence). 4 3 2 1 RUBRIC TOTAL The Cell 10 The Animal Cell The Cell 11 Organelles in the Cytoplasm What is the pathway that protein travels through the cell? The Cell 12 Organelles Worksheet Determine if the statement is true. If it is not, rewrite the italicized part to make it true. 1. The exoskeleton is composed of tiny rods and filaments that form a framework for the cell. 2. Flagella are short numerous hairlike projections from the plasma membrane. Check the name of the boundary that the statement describes. Statement Cell Wall 3. A firm structure that protects and gives shape to the cell 4. In plant cells, composed mainly of a fibrous material called cellulose 5. Quite flexible and allows the cell to vary its shape 6. Not found in animal cells 7. Controls the movement of materials that enter and exit the cell Cell Membrane 8. Which organelle manages cell functions in an eukaryotic cell? ____________________ 9. What substance can be found inside the nucleus? Describe its function. _________________________________________________________________________ Identify the following organelles based on their functions and/or structures. 10. ________________________ Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs 11. The sites of protein assembly ________________________ 12. ________________________ A folded membrane that forms a network of interconnected compartments in the cytoplasm 13. ________________________ The clear fluid inside a cell 14. ________________________ Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps energy from sunlight and gives plants their color The Cell 13 15. ________________________ Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles, and invading viruses or bacteria 16. ________________________ Small bumps located on the endoplasmic reticulum 17. ________________________ Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and waste products 18. ________________________ Produces a usable form of enery for the cell 19. ________________________ Modifies proteins and then repackages them 20. ________________________ Plant organelles that store starches, lipids or contain pigments 21. What organelles would be especially numerous in a cell that produces large amount of a protein product? __________________________________________________________________ 22. Compare the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Why are they referred to in the text as energy transformers rather than energy producers or energy generators? ________________________________________________________________________ 23. What are three structural differences between a plant and an animal cell? 24. The cytoplasm consists mainly of _____________________________. This provides a great environment for the chemical reactions of our _____________________________. 25. In which organelle does cellular respiration occur? ___________________________ 26. The energy released during respiration (from the bonds of sugar) is stored in smaller molecules called _______________ The Cell 14 The Importance of Cells… Focus on Stem Cells Visit the Genetic Science Learning Center’s Website at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/ Navigate to the section titled “The Nature of Stem Cells” and go through the tutorial. Please press the “CC” button at the bottom left corner of the page to read what is being narrated. 1. What is a stem cell? __________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 2. When a cell is differentiating, what does it mean? __________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 3. How does a fertilized egg turn into an embryo? ___________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. About how many different types of cells are there in our body?________________________________ 5. What is another word for adult stem cells? ________________________________________________ 6. What are somatic cells? Please give an example of somatic cells. _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 7. Where else in the body are somatic stem cells found? _______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 8. What is the common factor between the orgin of our various cells, tissues, & organs? ____________ ________________________________________________________________________ At the top left corner of the page, click on “Stem Cells” then once you are back at the homepage, please click on the “Stem Cell Quick Reference” section. Please read about the 3 types of cells (not about therapeutic cloning) and then answer the following questions. Each type of cell will only be used once as an answer for the following 3 questions. 9. What type of cell can be reprogrammed in a laboratory to become almost any cell in the body? ________________________________________________________________________ 10. What type of cell can be taken out of a very early embryo (called a blastocyte) and have the potential to become any cell in the body? _____________________________________________________ 11. What type of cell can be found in various locations throughout the body, but may be difficult to isolate and grow in the laboratory? _____________________________________________________ The Cell 15 At the top left corner of the page, click on “Stem Cells” then once you are back at the homepage, please click on the “Go Go Stem Cells” section. Pluripotent: refers to the ability to become almost any kind of cell in the body. 12. What is a stem cell niche? _______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________ Choose 2 out of the following 5 niches to complete. Brain Cell Niche: 13. What type of cell sends & receives signal in your brain? __________________________________ 14. What is the hippocampus region of the brain responsible for doing?__________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 15. Summarize how memories are formed in the brain. _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Hair Follicle Cell Niche: 16. What 3 type of cells form a protective barrier around your body? ____________________________ 17. What are stem cells in the hair follicle are responsible for doing? ____________________________ 18. Summarize how new hair grows using stem cells. _________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Intestinal Cell Niche: 19. What are the cells inside the intestine that look like tiny finger-like projections called? What are their function? ______________________________________________________________________ 20. Summarize how stem cells are used to make new villi? _____________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ Bone Cell Niche: 21. What do the stem cells in your bones (a living organ) do as a function? _________________________ 22. What is a type of bone cell that helps build and repair bones by secreting a special kind of extracellular matrix that contains the protein collagen? _______________________________________________ 23. Summarize how do osteoblasts build bone? _______________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ The Cell 16 Blood Cell Niche: 24. What is the stem cell niche responsible for making blood cells? _____________________________ 25. What is hemoglobin? ____________________________________________________________ 26. What is the main function of the red blood cell? _______________________________________ 27. Circulation takes its toll on hard-working red blood cells and usually become damaged over time. About how long do red blood cells survive in your body? ____________________________________________ 28. Why do you think the Red Blood Cell’s organelles are lost? To make room for all of the hemoglobin. 29. Blood is made up of many different cell types that do a variety of jobs. What 3 types of cells make up the blood & what are their functions? ___________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________ The Cell 17 The Cell 18 The Big Idea: Organ Regeneration http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/big-idea/organ-regeneration-text Published by National Geographic in March 2011 By Josie Glausiusz About the picture: The synthetic scaffold of an ear sits bathed in cartilage-producing cells, part of an effort to grow new ears for wounded soldiers. More than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants in the U.S. alone; every day 18 of them die. Not only are healthy organs in short supply, but donor and patient also have to be closely matched, or the patient's immune system may reject the transplant. A new kind of solution is incubating in medical labs: "bioartificial" organs grown from the patient's own cells. Thirty people have received lab-grown bladders already, and other engineered organs are in the pipeline. The bladder technique was developed by Anthony Atala of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Researchers take healthy cells from a patient's diseased bladder, cause them to multiply profusely in petri dishes, then apply them to a balloon-shaped scaffold made partly of collagen, the protein found in cartilage. Muscle cells go on the outside, urothelial cells (which line the urinary tract) on the inside. "It's like baking a layer cake," says Atala. "You're layering the cells one layer at a time, spreading these toppings." The bladder-to-be is then incubated at body temperature until the cells form functioning tissue. The whole process takes six to eight weeks. Solid organs with lots of blood vessels, such as kidneys or livers, are harder to grow than hollow ones like bladders. But Atala's group—which is working on 22 organs and tissues, including ears—recently made a functioning piece of human liver. One tool they use is similar to an ink-jet printer; it "prints" different types of cells and the organ scaffold one layer at a time. Other labs are also racing to make bioartificial organs. A jawbone has sprouted at Columbia University and a lung at Yale. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has fabricated a beating rat heart, growing cells from one rat on a scaffold she made from the heart of another by washing off its own cells. And at the University of Michigan, H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney from cells seeded onto a synthetic scaffold. The cell-phone-size kidney has passed tests on sheep—it's not yet implantable, but it's wearable, unlike a dialysis machine, and it does more than filter toxins from blood. It also makes hormones and performs other kidney functions. Growing a copy of a patient's organ may not always be possible—for instance, when the original is too damaged by cancer. One solution for such patients might be a stem cell bank. Atala's team has shown that stem cells can be collected without harming human embryos (and thus without political controversy) from amniotic fluid in the womb. The researchers have coaxed those cells into becoming heart, liver, and other organ cells. A bank of 100,000 stem cell samples, Atala says, would have enough genetic variety to match nearly any patient. Surgeons would order organs grown as needed instead of waiting for cadavers that might not be a perfect match. "There are few things as devastating for a surgeon as knowing you have to replace the tissue and you're doing something that's not ideal," says Atala, a urologic surgeon himself. "Wouldn't it be great if they had their own organ?" Great for the patient especially, he means. 1. What is the field of regenerative medicine? _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ 1. What organ have about 30 people received so far? ___________________________________________ 2. Can all organs be grown right now? Why or why not? _________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ 3. What are some other bioartificial organs that are being developed? ______________________________ _________________________________________________________________________________ The Cell 19 ATP: One Powerful Molecule! Chapter 7.3 Explain how ATP is used to both store and provide energy for a cell by drawing the process that occurs in our cells. List and give an example of each of the three main types of cellular work A. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ B. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ C. ______________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________ The Cell 20 Focusing on the ATP/ADP Cycle Chapter 7.3 Name: ________________________________ _____ / 10 points 1. Using the models of ATP and ADP, explain to your group how the two molecules are related and how the energy cycle works. Make sure you understand how ATP is converted to ADP and vice versa!!! 2. Write one paragraph that begins with the statement written below. Use the following terms correctly to explain how the body obtains AND uses energy. Glucose, ADP, phosphate, energy, ATP Being heterotrophic, we get energy from our food. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ The Cell 21 The Cell 22 Cellular Respiration Chapter 7.4 Combustion Equation: _________________________________________________________________ Respiration Equation: ______________________________________________________________ Some important questions about respiration… 1. What is respiration exactly? ___________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. How is it different from breathing? _____________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. How is it different from combustion? ______________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. Respiration is one of the most important chemical reactions which make up our ________________________________ = the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body. The Cell 23 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration Chapter 7.5 STAGE 1: GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis means __________________________________________. One glucose molecule is split into TWO _______________________ molecules. Any time a bond is broken, ___________________________ is released. From this energy TWO ___________ are made. STAGE 2: KREBS CYCLE A carbon is broken off the ______________________________ molecule forming a two-carbon molecule called ________________________. The CARBON atom that is broken off joins with the oxygen we breathe in to form _________________. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle by joining with a _______-carbon molecule. This creates a ______-carbon molecule. Then the cycle turns… breaking off two carbon atoms. The energy from the bonds is used to make TWO ______________ molecules STAGE 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN _________________ combines with ____________________ creating ___________________. Energy, which is released in small amounts as electrons are transported down the chain, is used to create a dam of ions. When these ions are released (much like a dam releases water), they go through a protein called an _____________________ which uses this energy to make _________ (just like a dam uses the energy of flowing water to generate electricity). This part of the process generates up to _______ ATP molecules. The TOTAL amount of ATP molecules produced for each molecule of glucose is _____. The Cell 24 3 Stages of Cellular Respiration Chapter 7.5 The Cell 25 Cellular Respiration… A Review Label all parts shown in the diagrams. STAGE 1: _____________________________ ____ ATP STAGE 2: _____________________________ + O2 _________ + O2 _________ + ___ ATP + O2 _________ STAGE 3: _____________________________ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ H+ ____ ATP H+ + O _______ 26 Fermentation Chapter 7.6 1. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? List three ways. _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. What is the waste product of fermentation in your muscle cells? _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. When yeast undergo fermentation, what foods / beverages can they make? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. What is the byproduct of yeast fermentation? How is this different that the byproduct of the fermentation that happens in our muscles? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 5. When bacteria undergo fermentation, what foods can they make? _______________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ 27 Photosynthesis Chapter 8.1 Photosynthesis Equation: _______________________________________________________ There are two major stages of photosynthesis. STAGE 1: THE LIGHT REACTIONS During this stage __________________ energy is converted to _______________ energy. Light energy splits the water molecule into ____________ and _________________. Oxygen is a byproduct and is _________________ from the cell. The captured light energy is also used to make ____________. STAGE 2: THE CALVIN CYCLE In the Calvin cycle, ___________ and _______ from the broken water molecule are used to form _______________________. Carbon dioxide is split into ___________ and ___________. The high energy molecule ___________ is split into ADP and phosphate releasing its stored energy. Thiis energy is used to make glucose, which has the chemical formula ______________________. 28 2 Stages of Photosynthesis Chapter 8.1 29 Experiencing the Cycle The processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration recycle a common set of chemicals: water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and organic compounds such as glucose. The diagram visually summarizes this chemical recycling. Water and carbon dioxide are the raw ingredients for photosynthesis. Plants use energy from sunlight to rearrange the atoms of water and carbon dioxide, producing glucose and oxygen. Oxygen is used by both plant and animal cells during cellular respiration to release the energy stored in glucose. The released energy enables cells to produce ATP. Cellular respiration also produces carbon dioxide and water. The result is a continual cycling of these chemical ingredients. Assignments: 1. Poster: Create a poster showing the photosynthesis / respiration cycle including all the reactants, products and stages. Use visuals to communicate ideas. 2. Narrative: Write a story tracing the path of each of the following through the photosynthesis / respiration cycle: O, C, N and energy 3. Role-Play: Create nametags for each person in your group. One person is the narrator. Enact the processes of photosynthesis and respiration. 30