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Chapter 6: Cell Structure and Function
6.1: Organisms are made of cells:
What is a cell?
Explain the contributions of each of the following Scientists:
a) Hooke:
b) Leewenhoek:
These 3 are not in the textbook…see what you can find:
c) Schwann:
d) Schleiden:
e) Virchow:
List the 3 parts of the Cell Theory:
(1)
(2)
(3)
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Complete the following chart:
Type of Microscope
Maximum
Magnification
What is “used” to see
the image?
Positives/Negatives
Compound Light
Scanning Electron
(SEM)
Transmission Electron
(TEM)
What is a micrograph?
Define Organelle:
ALL cells consist of three basic parts. List and explain them:
(1)
(2)
(3)
What are 2 key differences between plant cells and animal cells?
Explain each of the following:
A) Prokaryotes
B) Eukaryotes
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6.2: Membranes organize a cell’s activities:
Explain the following cell organelles:
Plasma Membrane:
What is the phospholipid bilayer?
Explain the fluid mosaic model:
Draw and label figure 6-8 here:
6.4: The cell builds a diversity of products:
Nucleus:
Nuclear Envelope:
Nucleolus:
Ribosomes:
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER:
-
Rough ER:
-
Smooth ER:
Golgi Apparatus:
Vacuoles:
Lysosomes:
Draw and explain Figure 6-24:
6.5: Chloroplasts and Mitochondria energize cells:
Chloroplasts:
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Draw and label a chloroplast:
Mitochondria:
Draw and label a mitochondrion (That’s singular for Mitochondria):
What is ATP?
6.6: An internal skeleton supports the cell and enables movement:
Cytoskeleton:
Microtubules:
Microfilaments:
Flagella:
Cilia:
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Extra Credit: History of the Cell Timeline Assignment
Background:
The cell theory, which you briefly learned about in chapter one, was not developed overnight. It took many
years and many discoveries to finally come up with the current theory. You will research those events and
the people involved and create a neat, colorful timeline based on the history of the cell.
Summary:


1. Students will research historical events leading to the development of the cell theory.
o Research should include contributions made by the following people/scientists -Robert Hooke, Hans and
Zacharias Janssen, Anton van Leeuwenhoek, Matthias Schleiden, Theodor Schwann, Rudolph Virchow, etc. and
dates of their contributions.
2. Students will report on their findings by constructing a timeline showing the chronology of the historical events leading
to the development of the cell theory.
Materials for each student or pair of students:




Reference materials (texts, Internet, teacher handout with information)
rulers
paper/poster
colored pencils or markers.
Student Procedures:


Research the following people: List some of their contributions to science and dates of these contributions.Robert HookeHans and Zacharias JanssenAnton van LeeuwenhoekMatthias SchleidenTheodor SchwannRudolph Virchow.
Draw a timeline showing the chronological order of these scientists and their contributions.
Label the timeline with dates of the above scientists' discoveries.
The earliest date should be on the left of the timeline and the most recent date on the right.
Label each date with the corresponding scientist's name and contribution(s) in an organized and legible manner.
Be sure your spacing shows a reasonable approximation of the amount of time elapsed between dates.
Questions: Type up these questions and your answers and hand them in with your
timeline. **ON A SEPARATE SHEET!!
1. What theory did these scientists provide evidence for?
2. What instrument was necessary before the cell theory could be developed?
3. Which three scientists directly contributed evidence for the cell theory?
4. How did the earlier scientists and their contributions directly affect the discoveries
of later scientists (see #2)? For example, what had to come first?
5. List the three parts of the cell theory.
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3 PARTS OF THE CELL THEORY (add scientists who helped discover each part)
a) ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
b) ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
c) ________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
TWO MAIN CLASSES OF CELLS
List information about each of the two main types of cells from the reading.
PROKARYOTIC
EUKARYOTIC
THE BASIC PARTS OF A EUKARYOTIC CELL
Organelle =
______________________________________________________________________
LABEL the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the nucleus and state the FUNCTION of each.
Cell membrane maintains cellular ____________________________________________.
Cytoplasm provides a liquid environment for
__________________________________________________ to occur.
Nucleus contains the directions that _____________________________________ the cell.
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PLANTS VERSUS ANIMALS
THE ANIMAL CELL:
How are plant & animal cells different?
How are plant & animal cells similar?
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Cell Analogy: What is a cell like to you?
Procedure: Cells are like small communities, with many parts doing specialized jobs to help
the whole. You will be creating an analogy as you compare the cell to a place,
thing or event and relate at least 8 organelles to parts of your place, thing or
event.
1. Decide what your analogy will be… the more creative the better
2. Title- “The cell is like____”
3. List each part in the table below, followed by the part it is like in your
analogy.
4. Begin with a composite cell either:
a. Drawn in the middle of a poster or
b. Placed in the center of a Prezi or
c. Placed in the first slide of a powerpoint
5. You will connect each part in the composite cell to a picture of the analogous
part around the outside. Include a description of the function of the part and
how it is similar to the organelle..
A cell is like a ...
Organelle
a. Nucleus
b. Mitochondria
c. Endoplasmic reticulum
d. Lysosome
e. Vacuole
f. Ribosomes
g. Vesicles
h. Golgi complex
i. Cell membrane
2 extra organelles
_______________________________________
Analogy
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The Cell Analogy Assignment
4 = awesome 3 = admirable 2 = acceptable 1 = attempted
Organelle #1
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #2
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #3
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #4
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #5
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #6
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #7
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
Organelle #8
Clearly identified (labeled) in the analogy.
Explanation is clear and accurate.
Analogy is complete – the (part of analogy) is like the (part of cell) because (function of that part of the
analogy) like the (function that part of the cell).
4 3 2 1
PRESENTATION
Both partners share the presentation.
Well coordinated.
Appears that both presenters know what they are talking about (confidence).
4 3 2 1
RUBRIC TOTAL
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The Animal Cell
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Organelles in the Cytoplasm
What is the pathway that protein travels through the cell?
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Organelles Worksheet
Determine if the statement is true. If it is not, rewrite the italicized part to make it true.
1.
The exoskeleton is composed of tiny rods and filaments that form a framework for the cell.
2.
Flagella are short numerous hairlike projections from the plasma membrane.
Check the name of the boundary that the statement describes.
Statement
Cell Wall
3. A firm structure that protects and gives
shape to the cell
4. In plant cells, composed mainly of a fibrous
material called cellulose
5. Quite flexible and allows the cell to vary its
shape
6. Not found in animal cells
7. Controls the movement of materials that
enter and exit the cell
Cell Membrane
8.
Which organelle manages cell functions in an eukaryotic cell?
____________________
9.
What substance can be found inside the nucleus? Describe its function.
_________________________________________________________________________
Identify the following organelles based on their functions and/or structures.
10. ________________________
Closely stacked, flattened membrane sacs
11.
The sites of protein assembly
________________________
12. ________________________
A folded membrane that forms a network of
interconnected compartments in the cytoplasm
13. ________________________
The clear fluid inside a cell
14. ________________________
Contains chlorophyll, a green pigment that traps
energy from sunlight and gives plants their color
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15. ________________________
Digests excess or worn-out cell parts, food particles,
and invading viruses or bacteria
16. ________________________
Small bumps located on the endoplasmic reticulum
17. ________________________
Provides temporary storage of food, enzymes and
waste products
18. ________________________
Produces a usable form of enery for the cell
19. ________________________
Modifies proteins and then repackages them
20. ________________________
Plant organelles that store starches, lipids or contain
pigments
21. What organelles would be especially numerous in a cell that produces large amount of a protein
product? __________________________________________________________________
22. Compare the functions of mitochondria and chloroplasts. Why are they referred to in the text as
energy transformers rather than energy producers or energy generators?
________________________________________________________________________
23.
What are three structural differences between a plant and an animal cell?
24.
The cytoplasm consists mainly of _____________________________. This provides a great
environment for the chemical reactions of our _____________________________.
25.
In which organelle does cellular respiration occur?
___________________________
26.
The energy released during respiration (from the bonds of sugar) is stored in smaller molecules
called _______________
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The Importance of Cells… Focus on Stem Cells
Visit the Genetic Science Learning Center’s Website at
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/tech/stemcells/
Navigate to the section titled “The Nature of Stem Cells” and go through the
tutorial. Please press the “CC” button at the bottom left corner of the page to
read what is being narrated.
1.
What is a stem cell? __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. When a cell is differentiating, what does it mean? __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. How does a fertilized egg turn into an embryo? ___________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. About how many different types of cells are there in our body?________________________________
5. What is another word for adult stem cells? ________________________________________________
6. What are somatic cells? Please give an example of somatic cells. _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
7. Where else in the body are somatic stem cells found? _______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
8. What is the common factor between the orgin of our various cells, tissues, & organs? ____________
________________________________________________________________________
At the top left corner of the page, click on “Stem Cells” then once you are back at the homepage, please
click on the “Stem Cell Quick Reference” section. Please read about the 3 types of cells (not about
therapeutic cloning) and then answer the following questions. Each type of cell will only be used once as an
answer for the following 3 questions.
9. What type of cell can be reprogrammed in a laboratory to become almost any cell in the body?
________________________________________________________________________
10. What type of cell can be taken out of a very early embryo (called a blastocyte) and have the potential to
become any cell in the body?
_____________________________________________________
11. What type of cell can be found in various locations throughout the body, but may be difficult to isolate and
grow in the laboratory? _____________________________________________________
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At the top left corner of the page, click on “Stem Cells” then once you are back at the homepage, please
click on the “Go Go Stem Cells” section.
Pluripotent: refers to the ability to become almost any kind of cell in the body.
12. What is a stem cell niche? _______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Choose 2 out of the following 5 niches to complete.
Brain Cell Niche:
13. What type of cell sends & receives signal in your brain? __________________________________
14. What is the hippocampus region of the brain responsible for doing?__________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
15. Summarize how memories are formed in the brain. _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Hair Follicle Cell Niche:
16. What 3 type of cells form a protective barrier around your body? ____________________________
17. What are stem cells in the hair follicle are responsible for doing? ____________________________
18. Summarize how new hair grows using stem cells. _________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Intestinal Cell Niche:
19. What are the cells inside the intestine that look like tiny finger-like projections called? What are their
function? ______________________________________________________________________
20. Summarize how stem cells are used to make new villi? _____________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
Bone Cell Niche:
21. What do the stem cells in your bones (a living organ) do as a function? _________________________
22. What is a type of bone cell that helps build and repair bones by secreting a special kind of extracellular
matrix that contains the protein collagen? _______________________________________________
23. Summarize how do osteoblasts build bone? _______________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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Blood Cell Niche:
24. What is the stem cell niche responsible for making blood cells? _____________________________
25. What is hemoglobin? ____________________________________________________________
26. What is the main function of the red blood cell? _______________________________________
27. Circulation takes its toll on hard-working red blood cells and usually become damaged over time. About how
long do red blood cells survive in your body? ____________________________________________
28. Why do you think the Red Blood Cell’s organelles are lost? To make room for all of the hemoglobin.
29. Blood is made up of many different cell types that do a variety of jobs. What 3 types of cells make up the
blood & what are their functions? ___________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________
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The Big Idea: Organ Regeneration
http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2011/03/big-idea/organ-regeneration-text
Published by National Geographic in March 2011 By Josie Glausiusz
About the picture: The synthetic scaffold of an ear sits bathed in
cartilage-producing cells, part of an effort to grow new ears for
wounded soldiers.
More than 100,000 people are waiting for organ transplants in the U.S. alone; every day 18 of them die. Not
only are healthy organs in short supply, but donor and patient also have to be closely matched, or the patient's
immune system may reject the transplant. A new kind of solution is incubating in medical labs: "bioartificial"
organs grown from the patient's own cells. Thirty people have received lab-grown bladders already, and other
engineered organs are in the pipeline.
The bladder technique was developed by Anthony Atala of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine
in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Researchers take healthy cells from a patient's diseased bladder, cause them to
multiply profusely in petri dishes, then apply them to a balloon-shaped scaffold made partly of collagen, the protein
found in cartilage. Muscle cells go on the outside, urothelial cells (which line the urinary tract) on the inside. "It's
like baking a layer cake," says Atala. "You're layering the cells one layer at a time, spreading these toppings." The
bladder-to-be is then incubated at body temperature until the cells form functioning tissue. The whole process takes
six to eight weeks.
Solid organs with lots of blood vessels, such as kidneys or livers, are harder to grow than hollow ones like
bladders. But Atala's group—which is working on 22 organs and tissues, including ears—recently made a
functioning piece of human liver. One tool they use is similar to an ink-jet printer; it "prints" different types of cells
and the organ scaffold one layer at a time.
Other labs are also racing to make bioartificial organs. A jawbone has sprouted at Columbia University and a
lung at Yale. At the University of Minnesota, Doris Taylor has fabricated a beating rat heart, growing cells from one
rat on a scaffold she made from the heart of another by washing off its own cells. And at the University of Michigan,
H. David Humes has created an artificial kidney from cells seeded onto a synthetic scaffold. The cell-phone-size
kidney has passed tests on sheep—it's not yet implantable, but it's wearable, unlike a dialysis machine, and it does
more than filter toxins from blood. It also makes hormones and performs other kidney functions.
Growing a copy of a patient's organ may not always be possible—for instance, when the original is too damaged
by cancer. One solution for such patients might be a stem cell bank. Atala's team has shown that stem cells can be
collected without harming human embryos (and thus without political controversy) from amniotic fluid in the
womb. The researchers have coaxed those cells into becoming heart, liver, and other organ cells. A bank of 100,000
stem cell samples, Atala says, would have enough genetic variety to match nearly any patient. Surgeons would order
organs grown as needed instead of waiting for cadavers that might not be a perfect match. "There are few things as
devastating for a surgeon as knowing you have to replace the tissue and you're doing something that's not ideal,"
says Atala, a urologic surgeon himself. "Wouldn't it be great if they had their own organ?" Great for the patient
especially, he means.
1. What is the field of regenerative medicine? _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________
1.
What organ have about 30 people received so far? ___________________________________________
2. Can all organs be grown right now? Why or why not? _________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
3. What are some other bioartificial organs that are being developed? ______________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________
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ATP: One Powerful Molecule!
Chapter 7.3
Explain how ATP is used to both store and provide energy for a cell by drawing the process that occurs
in our cells.
List and give an example of each of the three main types of cellular work
A.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
B.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
C.
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
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Focusing on the ATP/ADP Cycle
Chapter 7.3
Name: ________________________________
_____ / 10 points
1. Using the models of ATP and ADP, explain to your group how the two molecules are related and how
the energy cycle works. Make sure you understand how ATP is converted to ADP and vice versa!!!
2. Write one paragraph that begins with the statement written below. Use the following terms correctly to
explain how the body obtains AND uses energy.
Glucose, ADP, phosphate, energy, ATP
Being heterotrophic, we get energy from our food.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7.4
Combustion Equation:
_________________________________________________________________
Respiration Equation:
______________________________________________________________
Some important questions about respiration…
1. What is respiration exactly? ___________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. How is it different from breathing?
_____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. How is it different from combustion? ______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. Respiration is one of the most important chemical reactions which make up our
________________________________ = the sum of all the chemical reactions in the body.
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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7.5
STAGE 1: GLYCOLYSIS
Glycolysis means __________________________________________. One glucose molecule is split into
TWO _______________________ molecules. Any time a bond is broken, ___________________________ is
released. From this energy TWO ___________ are made.
STAGE 2: KREBS CYCLE
A carbon is broken off the ______________________________ molecule forming a two-carbon molecule
called ________________________. The CARBON atom that is broken off joins with the oxygen we breathe
in to form _________________. Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle by joining with a _______-carbon
molecule. This creates a ______-carbon molecule. Then the cycle turns… breaking off two carbon atoms. The
energy from the bonds is used to make TWO ______________ molecules
STAGE 3: ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN
_________________ combines with ____________________ creating ___________________. Energy, which
is released in small amounts as electrons are transported down the chain, is used to create a dam of ions. When
these ions are released (much like a dam releases water), they go through a protein called an
_____________________ which uses this energy to make _________ (just like a dam uses the energy of
flowing water to generate electricity). This part of the process generates up to _______ ATP molecules.
The TOTAL amount of ATP molecules produced for each molecule of glucose is _____.
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3 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Chapter 7.5
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Cellular Respiration… A Review
Label all parts shown in the diagrams.
STAGE 1: _____________________________
____ ATP
STAGE 2: _____________________________
+ O2
_________
+ O2
_________
+
___ ATP
+ O2
_________
STAGE 3: _____________________________
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+ H+
H+ H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
H+
____ ATP
H+ + O
_______
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Fermentation
Chapter 7.6
1. How is fermentation different from cellular respiration? List three ways.
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
2. What is the waste product of fermentation in your muscle cells?
_______________________________________________________________________________
3. When yeast undergo fermentation, what foods / beverages can they make?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
4. What is the byproduct of yeast fermentation? How is this different that the byproduct of the
fermentation that happens in our muscles?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
5. When bacteria undergo fermentation, what foods can they make?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
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Photosynthesis
Chapter 8.1
Photosynthesis Equation:
_______________________________________________________
There are two major stages of photosynthesis.
STAGE 1: THE LIGHT REACTIONS
During this stage __________________ energy is converted to _______________ energy. Light energy splits
the water molecule into ____________ and _________________. Oxygen is a byproduct and is
_________________ from the cell. The captured light energy is also used to make ____________.
STAGE 2: THE CALVIN CYCLE
In the Calvin cycle, ___________ and _______ from the broken water molecule are used to form
_______________________. Carbon dioxide is split into ___________ and ___________. The high energy
molecule ___________ is split into ADP and phosphate releasing its stored energy. Thiis energy is used to
make glucose, which has the chemical formula ______________________.
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2 Stages of Photosynthesis
Chapter 8.1
29
Experiencing the Cycle
The processes of photosynthesis and cellular
respiration recycle a common set of chemicals:
water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and organic
compounds such as glucose. The diagram
visually summarizes this chemical recycling.
Water and carbon dioxide are the raw
ingredients for photosynthesis. Plants use energy
from sunlight to rearrange the atoms of water
and carbon dioxide, producing glucose and
oxygen. Oxygen is used by both plant and
animal cells during cellular respiration to release
the energy stored in glucose. The released
energy enables cells to produce ATP. Cellular
respiration also produces carbon dioxide and
water. The result is a continual cycling of these
chemical ingredients.
Assignments:
1. Poster: Create a poster showing the photosynthesis / respiration cycle including all the reactants,
products and stages. Use visuals to communicate ideas.
2. Narrative: Write a story tracing the path of each of the following through the photosynthesis /
respiration cycle: O, C, N and energy
3. Role-Play: Create nametags for each person in your group. One person is the narrator. Enact the
processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
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