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Matter Study Guide QUIZ ONE MATERIAL What is Matter? Matter is anything that takes up space (has volume) and has mass Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms and molecules How fast the particles moves determines the physical state of the matter Three physical states of matter Characteristics of Gases, Liquids, and Solids gas liquid solid Has no definite shape. Has no definite shape. Has a fixed shape Assumes the shape of its Assumes the shape of its container container Has no definite volume. Has a definite volume. Has a definite volume. Assumes the volume of its container. Compressible (lots of Not easily compressible Not easily compressible free space between (little free space between (little free space between particles) particles) particles) Flows easily (particles Flows easily (particles Does not flow easily can move past one can move/slide past one (rigid-particles cannot another) another) move/slide past one another) Heat energy can change a substance from one state to another. Increasing temperature (energy added) may cause a substance to change from solid to liquid to gas. Decreasing the temperature (removing energy) may cause a substance to change from gas to liquid to solid. Melting is when the solid becomes a liquid. Condensation is when gases change to liquids. Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a gas. Freezing is when a liquid changes to a solid. Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas Freezing point of water 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit Boiling point of water 100 degrees Celsius or 212degrees Fahrenheit Properties of matter Some physical properties of matter are mass, size, texture, boiling point, freezing point, color, texture, etc. Physical and Chemical Changes in Matter Changing from one state of matter to another is a physical change. Other examples of physical changes are cutting, breaking, ripping, shaping, evaporation, melting, freezing, mixing, dissolving Chemical changes change the type of matter. When a chemical reaction occurs, you will see at least one of these changes: o a gas is produced o Heat or light is given off o a new substance is produced o a color change occurs Examples of chemical reactions include fireworks, digesting food, explosions, bleaching, burning, rusting, baking soda and vinegar Matter can’t be created or destroyed but it can be changed. This is the Law of Conservation of Matter. QUIZ TWO MATERIAL An atom is the smallest particle of matter that can exist. Atoms are always moving. Atoms are microscopic. An atom is made of tiny particles called protons, neutrons, and electrons. List the three parts of the atom, the charge of each, and where each is found. PART OF THE ATOM PROTON CHARGE POSITIVE FOUND IN… NUCLEUS ELECTRON NEGATIVE ELECTRON CLOUD NEUTRON NO CHARGE NUCLEUS The number of protons in an atom determines which element that atom is. Matter that is made of only one type of atom is an element. Elements are the building blocks of matter. Elements cannot be changed into simpler substances. Gold and oxygen are examples of elements. Atoms are the smallest piece of an element that can exist and still keep the element’s properties. There are over 115 elements. Elements are arranged on the periodic table of elements by their atomic number and properties. 3 Atomic Number – number of protons in the nucleus 7 Li Atomoic Mass – number of protons + number of neutrons Lithium Chemical Symbol Chemical Name Atomic Number = # of protons # of protons = # of electrons Atomic mass = # of protons + # of neutrons # of neutrons = Atomic mass - # of protons Each element has its own set of properties: how it looks, how hard it is, how well it conducts electricity and how it reacts with other elements. Elements can join together to form all the different types of matter. That is why they are called the building blocks of matter. Elements can join together chemically to form compounds. Compounds are substances made of 2 or more elements which combine in a chemical reaction. The smallest unit of a compound is a molecule Examples of compounds include water, salt, and chalk. The properties of compounds are very different from the properties of the elements that make them. Think about table salt! Chemical formulas are used to show the different elements that make up a compound. CaCO3 is chalk One atom of calcium, one atom of carbon, and three atoms of oxygen form one molecule of chalk. NaCl is salt One atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine combine to form one molecule of salt. END QUIZ 2 MATERIAL Mixtures are a type of matter. They are formed not through chemical changes, but through physical changes. Mixtures contain 2 or more different substances that are physically mixed together. Each substance in a mixture does not lose its identifying characteristics. Substances in a mixture are not evenly spread throughout. Because mixtures are physically joined, they can be separated without a chemical reaction. Ways to separate a mixture include Hand separation filters screens magnets evaporation Solutions are a special kind of mixture. In a solution, one or more substances are dissolved into another substance. The substances in a solution are evenly spread throughout. The substance in which another substance dissolves is called the solvent The substances that dissolve are called the solute Water is often called the universal solvent. Solutions can involve solids, liquids, and gasses. Changing the amount of solute in a solution changes the concentration. A solution with a lot of solute is a concentrated solution. A solution with very little solute is a dilute solution. A solution that has as much solute as it can hold is called a saturated solution. Solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases. A suspension is a kind of mixture that separates if it is left alone for some time. One factor that makes suspensions different from solutions is the size of the particles that make up the solution. The particles in a solution are tiny ions or molecules. The particles in suspension are much larger. Because they are larger, the particles in a suspension do not dissolve. Be sure to also study the compare/contrast sheets for atoms/molecules, compounds/elements, and mixtures/solutions that we completed in class. Nanotechnology is the study of materials at the molecular (atomic) scale. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology has shown that the behaviors and properties of some substances at the nanoscale contradict how they behave and what their properties are at the visible scale. Many products on the market today are already benefitting from nanotechnology such as: sunscreens scratch resistant coatings medical procedures