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Matter Study Guide
QUIZ ONE MATERIAL
What is Matter?
 Matter is anything that takes up space (has volume) and has mass
 Matter is made of tiny particles called atoms and molecules
 How fast the particles moves determines the physical state of the matter
Three physical states of matter
Characteristics of Gases, Liquids, and Solids
gas
liquid
solid
Has no definite shape.
Has no definite shape.
Has a fixed shape
Assumes the shape of its
Assumes the shape of its
container
container
Has no definite volume.
Has a definite volume.
Has a definite volume.
Assumes the volume of
its container.
Compressible (lots of
Not easily compressible
Not easily compressible
free space between
(little free space between
(little free space between
particles)
particles)
particles)
Flows easily (particles
Flows easily (particles
Does not flow easily
can move past one
can move/slide past one
(rigid-particles cannot
another)
another)
move/slide past one
another)
Heat energy can change a substance from one state to another. Increasing
temperature (energy added) may cause a substance to change from solid to liquid
to gas. Decreasing the temperature (removing energy) may cause a substance to
change from gas to liquid to solid.
 Melting is when the solid becomes a liquid.
 Condensation is when gases change to liquids.
 Evaporation is when a liquid changes to a gas.
 Freezing is when a liquid changes to a solid.
 Sublimation is when a solid changes directly to a gas
Freezing point of water 0 degrees Celsius or 32 degrees Fahrenheit
Boiling point of water 100 degrees Celsius or 212degrees Fahrenheit
Properties of matter
 Some physical properties of matter are mass, size, texture, boiling point,
freezing point, color, texture, etc.
Physical and Chemical Changes in Matter
 Changing from one state of matter to another is a physical change.
 Other examples of physical changes are cutting, breaking, ripping, shaping,
evaporation, melting, freezing, mixing, dissolving
 Chemical changes change the type of matter.
 When a chemical reaction occurs, you will see at least one of these changes:
o a gas is produced
o Heat or light is given off
o a new substance is produced
o a color change occurs
 Examples of chemical reactions include fireworks, digesting food,
explosions, bleaching, burning, rusting, baking soda and vinegar
Matter can’t be created or destroyed but it can be changed. This is the Law of
Conservation of Matter.
QUIZ TWO MATERIAL
An atom is the smallest particle of matter that can exist. Atoms are always
moving. Atoms are microscopic. An atom is made of tiny particles called
protons, neutrons, and electrons.
List the three parts of the atom, the charge of each, and where each is found.
PART OF THE ATOM
PROTON
CHARGE
POSITIVE
FOUND IN…
NUCLEUS
ELECTRON
NEGATIVE
ELECTRON CLOUD
NEUTRON
NO CHARGE
NUCLEUS
The number of protons in an atom determines which element that atom is.
Matter that is made of only one type of atom is an element. Elements are the
building blocks of matter. Elements cannot be changed into simpler substances.
Gold and oxygen are examples of elements. Atoms are the smallest piece of an
element that can exist and still keep the element’s properties.
There are over 115 elements. Elements are arranged on the periodic table of
elements by their atomic number and properties.
3
Atomic Number –
number of protons in
the nucleus
7
Li
Atomoic Mass – number of
protons + number of neutrons
Lithium
Chemical Symbol
Chemical Name
Atomic Number = # of protons
# of protons = # of electrons
Atomic mass = # of protons + # of neutrons
# of neutrons = Atomic mass - # of protons
Each element has its own set of properties: how it looks, how hard it is, how well
it conducts electricity and how it reacts with other elements.
Elements can join together to form all the different types of matter. That is why
they are called the building blocks of matter. Elements can join together
chemically to form compounds. Compounds are substances made of 2 or more
elements which combine in a chemical reaction. The smallest unit of a compound
is a molecule Examples of compounds include water, salt, and chalk.
The properties of compounds are very different from the properties of the elements
that make them. Think about table salt!
Chemical formulas are used to show the different elements that make up a
compound.
CaCO3 is chalk One atom of calcium, one atom of carbon, and three atoms of
oxygen form one molecule of chalk.
NaCl is salt One atom of sodium and one atom of chlorine combine to form
one molecule of salt.
END QUIZ 2 MATERIAL
Mixtures are a type of matter. They are formed not through chemical changes, but
through physical changes. Mixtures contain 2 or more different substances that are
physically mixed together. Each substance in a mixture does not lose its
identifying characteristics. Substances in a mixture are not evenly spread
throughout.
Because mixtures are physically joined, they can be separated without a chemical
reaction. Ways to separate a mixture include
 Hand separation
 filters
 screens
 magnets
 evaporation
Solutions are a special kind of mixture. In a solution, one or more substances are
dissolved into another substance. The substances in a solution are evenly spread
throughout. The substance in which another substance dissolves is called the
solvent The substances that dissolve are called the solute Water is often called the
universal solvent. Solutions can involve solids, liquids, and gasses.
Changing the amount of solute in a solution changes the concentration. A solution
with a lot of solute is a concentrated solution. A solution with very little solute is a
dilute solution. A solution that has as much solute as it can hold is called a
saturated solution. Solutes can be solids, liquids, or gases.
A suspension is a kind of mixture that separates if it is left alone for some time.
One factor that makes suspensions different from solutions is the size of the
particles that make up the solution. The particles in a solution are tiny ions or
molecules. The particles in suspension are much larger. Because they are larger,
the particles in a suspension do not dissolve.
Be sure to also study the compare/contrast sheets for atoms/molecules,
compounds/elements, and mixtures/solutions that we completed in class.
Nanotechnology is the study of materials at the molecular (atomic) scale. A
nanometer is one billionth of a meter. Nanotechnology has shown that the
behaviors and properties of some substances at the nanoscale contradict how they
behave and what their properties are at the visible scale. Many products on the
market today are already benefitting from nanotechnology such as:
 sunscreens
 scratch resistant coatings
 medical procedures