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CHAPTER 5: THE GREEK CITY-STATES Section 1: Early Greeks & the Rise of City-States I. The Sea & the Land the sea was an important part of Greek lives Greece’s geography made it hard for its early people to develop a sense of unity; short mountain ranges cut up the Greek mainland, & short rivers did not aid travel & trade between villages o so separate city-states arose inside of an empire II. Early Greek Peoples A. The Minoans the Minoan civilization developed on the island of Crete by 2000 B.C.; it was the earliest Greek civilization the Minoan civilization was named after the legendary king of Crete, King Minos palaces and homes had running water several-storied houses frescoes - paintings done on wet plaster walls because of Crete’s poor soil, many Minoans became sailors & traders in about 1628 B.C. tidal waves caused by a volcanic eruption on a nearby island destroyed many coastal settlements on Crete & weakened the Minoan civilization the Mycenaeans from the Greek mainland conquered the Minoans in Crete in about 1400 B.C. B. The Mycenaeans the Mycenaeans controlled mainland Greece from about 1600 B.C. to about 1200 B.C. clans and tribes headed by a warrior – warring people by 1200 B.C. earthquakes & warfare had destroyed most of the Mycenaean cities after conquering Crete, the Mycenaeans adopted many elements of Minoan civilization, including the Minoan system of writing called Linear B ( an early form of Greek writing) syllabic form of writing with 89 characters III. The City-States of Greece during the 800s & 700s B.C. the Greeks formed a number of independent city-states polis - Greek word for city-state, which developed around a central fort the concept of the polis was based on 3 basic & closely related ideas: o the geographical territory of the city-state o the community that it represented o the political & economic independence that it produced over time, the polis came to represent the center Greek identity, & its inhabitants were intensely loyal to it o covered a small area of land o population of fewer than 10,000; most slaves and non-citizens o only free adult males had citizenship rights acropolis - hill or mountain in Greece that included a fort as well as temples & other public buildings agora - marketplace in a city-state in Greece each city-state setup its own government, had its own money, and its own calendar all ancient Greeks: o spoke the same language o tended to regard people who did not speak Greek as barbarians o shared many religious ideas, cultural characteristics, & social patterns Section 2: Greek Government & Society (evolution of government in city-states from tribes and chiefs kingdoms democracy) I. Greek Culture in the Homeric Age few people could write during this period, so most communication was oral, or spoken A. The Iliad & the Odyssey epic – long poem about heroes and great events Iliad - Homer’s great epic that tells the story of the Trojan War (10 years) Odyssey - Homer’s epic that tells the story of the Greek hero Odysseus on his way home from the Trojan War (10 years) Homer - according to tradition, the blind poet who was author of the Iliad & the Odyssey today the word “odyssey” refers to any long, adventure-filled journey B. Greek Religious Beliefs the ancient Greeks looked to religion for 3 things: o to explain nature (lightening, thunder, change of seasons) o to explain the emotions that sometime cause people to lose self-control o to bring them certain benefits here & now (long life, good luck, bountiful harvest) Greeks believed that the spirits of almost all people went to an underworld ruled by the god Hades; it was not viewed as a place of either punishment or reward myths - traditional stories about gods, goddesses, & heroes (to explain world) o gave human characteristics and personalities to their gods oracles - special places where the ancient Greeks believed gods spoke through priests & priestesses pleasing the gods (by showing strength & bravery) was an important part of Greek life Olympic Games - originally, ancient Greek festival including contests of sports, music, & literature; the modern revival of these games as international athletic competitions the Olympics were held every 4 years in honor of Zeus & were probably held for the first time in 776 B.C. II. Greek Government: From Kings to Democracy nobles gained power and overthrew the ruling kings aristocracies - Greek city-states controlled by nobles (means “rule by the best”) by the 600s B.C. non-aristocrats began to participate in politics hoplites – heavy infantry who carried long spears and fought in closely spaced rows o demanded more say in the daily government tyrants - in ancient Greece, rulers who seized power by force but who ruled with the people’s support; later came to refer to rulers who exercise brutal & oppressive power between 650 B.C. & 500 B.C. tyrants ruled many city-states popular government - idea that people can & should rule themselves democracy - government in which citizens take part o full rights were only allowed to a small part of the population o council of citizens would continue to limit individual powers in monarchies and aristocracies Section 3: Sparta & Athens Athens – laws and government Sparta – physical strength and discipline (memorize laws) I. Sparta: The Military Ideal helots – conquered people unlike other city-states, Sparta was located in a valley, not on a hill; moreover, walls for defense did not surround it the isolated & mountainous Peloponnesus may explain why Sparta developed very differently from Athens, becoming a rigid & highly militarized society A. Spartan Society Equals Half-citizens Helots descended from invaders controlled the city-states free persons who paid taxes & served in the army no political power slaves of the Spartan city-state hated the Spartans who controlled them by force (outnumbered) B. Government in Sparta 2 kings (one to lead the army, the other to take care of home matters) headed up the government a Council of Elders, comprised of 28 male citizens over age 60, proposed laws & served as a criminal court the assembly, comprised of all males over age 30, accepted or rejected proposed laws proposed by Elders & elected 5 men (ephors – made sure the kings stayed within the law) to hold kings in check C. Life in Sparta’s Military Society Sparta controlled the lives of its citizens from birth to death with one goal in mind: to make every adult male citizen part of the military machine the Spartans gave up their individual freedom in exchange for their power o birth examined to make sure healthy (left to die if not) age 7 left home for military barracks and training 18-20 trained specifically for war 20 began military service, can marry 30 can now live at home with wife 60 no longer in military service; work for public good girls – physical training and taught devotion to city-state II. Athens: The Birth of Democracy Athens is located on the Attic peninsula, one of the least fertile areas in Greece; thus the Athenians turned to the sea, & many became sea traders Athens was a typical polis built around the rocky hill of the Acropolis A. Athenian Society Citizens Athenian-born Rrich aristocrats or poor farmers merchants & artisans Metics others born outside of Athens could not take part in gov’t or own land Slaves POWs (prisoners of war) if freed they become metics B. Early Government in Athens after Athens’ monarchy ended, the city-state had an aristocratic government archons – served one year terms in the assembly Draco – an archon, believed to have created Athens’ first written law code around 621 B.C.; laws were so harsh and severe = Draconian Law Solon – another archon, settled disputes between creditors & debtors by erasing the debts of the poor & outlawing slavery for debt; U.S. bankruptcy laws are based in Solon’s ordinances Peisistratus – ruled over Athens as a tyrant; clashed with nobles C. Athenian Democracy in about 507 B.C., Cleisthenes seized power in Athens & turned it into a democracy divided citizens into 10 tribes who elected 50 men for the Council of Five Hundred direct democracy - form of democracy in which all citizens participate directly in making decisions representative democracy - form of government in which citizens elect representatives to run the government for them, rather than each citizen serving directly in the government Section 4: Daily Life in Athens I. The Athenian Economy most Athenian citizens were farmers who grew olives, grapes, & figs, which they planted on terraced hillsides (terracing – carving small, flat plots of land from hillsides) the Athenian assembly’s vote to send farmers & workers to set up overseas colonies helped to spread Greek culture throughout the Mediterranean & promoted trade import - good or service bought from another country or region (coming in) export - good or service sold to another country or region (going out) trade was the mainstay of Athens’ economy II. Home & Family Life Athenians built magnificent temples & other public buildings; however, most Athenian families lived in simple homes generally, most Athenians believed that money should be spent on buildings to benefit the whole community, not on private homes marriage & family life were very important to Athenians; parents always arranged marriages, & the main purpose of marriage was to have children legally & socially, Athenian women were considered inferior to men & could not own or inherit property though they were citizens; women managed the household & slaves, & raised children boys went under the care of a pedagogue at age 7 – male salve who taught manners III. Education & Military Service most Greeks were poor & hardworking; wealthy men spent their time in the pursuit of intellectual & physical excellence Athenians placed great value on literacy & education the Athenian ideal stressed a sound mind in a healthy body (grammar & music, gymnastics) Sophists – opened schools for older boys ethics - study of what is good & bad, & of moral duty rhetoric - study of public speaking & debating (oratory) education helped spread the Greek language & civilization throughout the Mediterranean world (even today we use many words derived from Greek) at age 18 Athenian males received a year of military training Section 5: The Expansion of Greece I. The Persian Wars Persian Wars - conflicts between Greece & Persia that began about 500 B.C. & lasted until 479 B.C. A. The Wars Under Darius & Xerxes Darius crushed Greek revolts in Asia Minor, conquered Thrace & Macedonia, & invaded Greece; the Persians had to withdraw from Greece after being defeated at the Battle of Marathon Xerxes won the Battle of Thermopylae & destroyed Athens in 479 B.C. the Athenians & Spartans joined forces to defeat the Persians at Plataea, northwest of Athens, thus ending the Persian Wars B. Results of the Persian Wars the Athenians rebuilt their city & entered a period of great cultural achievement Athens began to create its own empire in the Aegean Sea although the Persians had been defeated, the threat of invasion from the Persian Empire continued, making Greek unity seem necessary Delian League - alliance of city-states in ancient Greece, with Athens as a leader II. The Age of Pericles Pericles - great general, orator, & statesman whose leadership contributed to Athens under Pericles, Athenian democracy reached its height, achieving probably the most completely democratic government in history Pericles strengthened & extended the empire that Athens had built although government in Athens was democratic, the Delian League was not; Athens made all the decisions III. The Peloponnesian War Peloponnesian War - war between Sparta & Athens that broke out in 27 years the Peloponnesian War left Greece politically unstable 431 B.C. & lasted for