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Chapter 4 Ancient Greece Study Guide Tyrant - a harsh ruler. Ostracism – the banishing of a public figure. Parthenon – temple dedicated to the goddess Athena Homer - author of the Iliad and the Odyssey Hippocrates – the Greek physician who set ethical standards for doctors Herodotus – the father of history Citizen - a free resident of a Greek city-state Pericles – Athenian statesman who expanded democracy in Athens Polis – a Greek city-state. Monarchy - executive power passes from parent to offspring. Oligarchy – rule by a few people (usually royals and rich) Aristocracy – a wealthy class of people. Republic – a book by Plato which states that an ideal state is ruled by a philosopher king. Archimedes – applied principals of physics to make practical inventions. Cleisthenes – established limited democracy in Athens. Acropolis – the location within a city-state of temples dedicated to different gods and goddesses. Zeus – the most powerful Greek god. Zeno - Not on test. Eratosthenes – determined that the Earth is round and accurately calculated its circumference. Pythagoras – developed a formula to determine relationship between the sides of a right triangle. What was special about Alexandria, Egypt? – Alexander the Great built a library there which was the greatest accumulation of knowledge up until that time. What was the role of Spartan women? – To care for the home and family because the men were often away at war. What was an effect of the Greek victory over the Persians? – The Persians were never able to threaten Greece again. What was Athens like under Pericles? – Democracy was expanded to include more than just the rich. What were the results of the Peloponnesian War? – Sparta won and ended Athenian domination of the Greek world. How did Athens differ from Sparta? – Sparta was a military state. Athens placed emphasis on the individual, arts literature and new ideas. Plato’s writing “Republic” describes what? – an ideal state is ruled by a philosopher king. He felt that average people weren’t smart enough to cast an intelligent vote. Greek architecture tries to express what? – grandeur, perfect balance, universal harmony, order. Euripides wrote what kind of plays? - Tragedies How far east did Alexander’s empire stretch to? - India What is the basic plot of “The Iliad.” – Paris kidnaps the Spartan king’s wife Helen and starts a war between the Greeks and Trojans as the Greeks try to rescue her.