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Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
1) What is sexual reproduction and what is it called
when genetic traits of an organism are segregated
and readied to be passed from parent to offspring?
2) After undergoing meiosis what is produced?
3) What is a male gamete called?
4) What is a female gamete called?
5) Are gametes diploid or haploid?
6) Diploid cells of a human have how many
chromosomes?
7) A box of squares to determine the various
combinations of genes from any two parents and
used to determine the possibilities for the offspring
is known as a what?
8) The possible gametes for one parent are located
where?
9) The other possible gametes for the other parent
are located where?
10) When you track a single characteristic and
disregard the inheritance pattern of other genes this
is know as what?
11) When you track two inherited characteristics
disregarding the inheritance pattern of other genes
this is know as what?
12) What is Genetics?
13) Who has been credited with the founding of
genetics?
14) What study is Mendel famous for?
15) How are Mendel’s conclusions summarized?
16) What is the Law of Unit Character?
17) What is the Law of Dominance?
18) What is the Law of Segregation?
19) What is the Law of Independent Assortment?
meiosis
Gametes
Sperm
Egg
Haploid
46
Punnet square
The upper horizontal axis
The left vertical axis
Monohybrid crosses
Dihybrid crosses
The branch of biology that examines the inheritance
of traits and how these traits are passed from one
generation to the next.
Gregor Mendel
Pea plant study.
The four “laws” of heredity.
Characteristics are inherited as separate units.
The presence of one gene (the dominant one) will
mask the presence of another gene (the recessive
one) resulting in the expression of the dominant gene
All cells in the body contain a pair of genes that
determine a particular characteristic. During gamete
formation in the reproductive cells, each gamete will
only receive one member of each pair.
During gamete formation, a pair of genes for a
particular characteristic will be inherited
independently of other genes that code for any other
characteristics.
Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
20) It wasn’t until the discovery of _____ and the
_____ that inheritance became more clearly
understood.
21) How many sets of homologous chromosomes
are in diploid cells?
22) What is a set of homologous chromosomes
composed of?
23) What term describes the specific location of a
gene on a chromosome?
24) What are the possible versions/forms of genes
called?
25) What is the first step in solving genetic
problems?
26) What must you do after setting up your Punnet
square?
27) What type of genotype has two dominant
alleles, written in capital letters, such as DD?
28) What type of genotype has two recessive alleles,
written in small letters, such as dd?
29) What type of genotype has one dominant and
one recessive allele, such as Dd?
30) The p generation refers to what?
31) The F1 generation refers to what?
32) How does a Punnet square determine
genotypes of offspring?
33)
Astigmatism (A) is dominant over Normal Vision (a).
What are the genotypes of the offspring of parents
that both have astigmatism and are both Aa
genotypes?
What are the phenotypes of the above offspring?
Chromosomes and the meiotic process.
Two.
A Maternal and paternal pair. Each contains genes
that determine specific traits by coding for the
production of a specific protein.
Locus
Alleles
Write down the phenotypes and determine the
genotypes
Determine genotypes and phenotypes of offspring
Homozygous Dominant
Homozygous Recessive
Heterozygous
Genotypes of the parents
It refers to the first offspring
By cross multiplying the alleles of each parent
Genotypes of parents: Aa (astigmatism) x Aa
(astigmatism)
Punnet Square:
A a
A AA Aa
a Aa aa
Offspring specific genotypes: 1AA; 2Aa; 1aa
genotypic ratio 1:2:1
Offspring specific Phenotypes: 3 Astigmatism and 1
normal vision
phenotypic ratio 3:1, thus 75% chance of having
children with astigmatism and 25% chance of having
children with normal vision.
Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
34) What is the instance called when characteristics
observed produce two extremes and intermediate
blends are created?
35) When a red snapdragon is crossed with a pink
flowered snapdragon, What are the genotypes and
phenotypes of the cross? Will there be any white
flowers produced?
36) How many characteristics are tracked in a
dihybrid cross?
37) What formula is used to determine the number of
gamets that are required for dihybrid crosses?
38) In the above formula (to determine the number
of gamets that are required for dihybrid crosses) n =
the number of allelic pairs that are____________.
39) An individual is _____________ if N=0, and the
number of unique gamets is 20=1
40) If there is/are _____________
______________ characteristic, n=1, and the number
of unique gamets is 21=2
41) If there is/are _____________ _____________
characteristics, n=2, and the number of unique gamets
is 22=4
42) How many alleles must there be for each
characteristic in that gamete for every potential
gamete produced during meiosis?
43) In pea plants, long stem (T) is dominant to short
(t) and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant to green seeds
(y). If a homozygous long stemmed, yellow seed pea
plant was crossed with a short stemmed, green seed
pea plant, what types of offspring would result? (see
4 following prompts below)
44) Genotypes of the parents:
45) Gametes possible:
46) Set-up the Punnett Square
Incomplete Dominance
Genotypes of parents: RR (red) x Rr (pink)
Punnet Square:
R R
R RR RR
R Rr Rr
Offspring Genotypes: 2 RR & 2Rr » genotypic ratio 1:1
Offspring Phenotypes: 50% red and 50% pink »
phenotypic ratio 1:1
2
2n
Heterozygous
Homozygous
1, heterozygous
2, heterozygous
1
TTYY (long, Yellow) x ttyy (short, green
TTYY (20=1)  TY ; ttyy (20=1)  ty
TY
T ty
TtYy
Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
47) Calculate the expected genotypic and phenotypic
ratios of offspring (F1 generation, children):
48) If the F1 generation of the above cross were
mated, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring that would result? ( See 3 prompts )below)
49) Genotypes of the parents:
50) Gametes possible:
51) Set-up the Punnett square
Offspring Genotypes: TtYy
Offspring Phenotypes: 100% long stemmed with
yellow seeds
TtYy (long, yellow) x TtYy (long, yellow)
TtYy (22=4_  TY, Ty, tY and ty for both parents
TY
Ty
tY
ty
TY
Ty
tY
ty
52) The genes for the somatic Characteristics in
human located on which chromosomes?
53) XY are related to Famale or Male?
54) XX are related to Female or Male?
55) Where is the location of a gene associated with
sex Chromosomes?
56) What is colour-blindness?
57) What is hemophilia?
58) If A= normal gene and a= with disorder, describe
the possible genotypes and phenotypes for F and M.
59) XAXA
XAY
60) XAXa
XaY
61) XaXa
62) Calculate the expected genotype and
phenotypic ratios of offspring (F1 generation,
children):
63) Offspring Genotypes:
64) XAY
65) XaY
66) XAXA
67) XAXa
carrier
a. of the haemophilia gene
Offspring Phenotypes:
Normal male
Hemophiliac male
Normal female
Normal female –
Chromosomes 1-22
Male
Female
It is located on X chromosomes
In ability to distinguish certain colors
In ability to clot blood
XAXA normal female
XAY normal male
XAXa normal female
XaY sex-linked disorder
XaXa sex-linked disorder
Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
68) What is the genetic make-up of an individual or
the genetic make-up of an entire species?
69) When did the Human Genome Project begin?
70) According to the “Human Genome Project”, how
many genes help make up a human individual?
71) Why has the worldwide been committed to
attempt to identify, catalogue, and analyse the
entire human genome?
72) Most characteristics operate with how many
alleles?
73) What allele masks the expression of the
recessive allele? (Unless the individual has both
recessive alleles present).
74) Where are these genes (alleles) located?
The human genome
1990
30,000 to 35,000 genes
To understand and provide possible cures for human
genetic diseases.
2
The dominant allele
On your autosomes, chromosomes 1-22, and the
portion of the X chromosome that will be paired up.
Sex- linked characteristics
75) The unpaired portion of the X chromosome is
known as?
76) Where in the human body does meiosis occur?
77) Which cells of the human body are capable of
meiosis?
78) Which meiotic division is known as the
reduction division?
79) What is crossing over and how might this event
affect the outcome of meiosis?
80) What is the ability to roll your tongue into a taco A dominant allele (T)
or U shape due to?
81) What is the lack of being able to roll your tongue A recessive allele (t)
due to?
82) What are the kinds of gametes that can be
produced from bb?
83) What are the kinds of gametes that can be
produced from Dd?
84) What are the kinds of gametes that can be
produced from hhmm?
85) What are the kinds of gametes that can be
produced from eeTt?
86) What are the kinds of gametes that can be
produced from aaBbRR?
87) A woman who can roll her tongue marries a
man who cannot. Their first child has his father’s
genotype. What are the genotypes of the mother,
father and the child?
Lab 10 Meiosis and Genetics Flashcards
88) This same couple has a second child. What is the
probability that the second child can roll their tongue
like their mother?
89) In snapdragons, red flower (RR) color is
incompletely dominant over white flower (rr) color;
the heterozygous plants have pink flowers (Rr). If a
red-flowered plant is crossed with a white-flowered
plant, what are the genotypes and phenotypes of the
plants of the F1 generation?
90) What kinds of offspring can be produced if a
white-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered
plant?
91) What kinds of offspring can be produced if a
white-flowered plant is crossed with a pink-flowered
plant?
92) In humans, the presence of freckles is due to a
dominant gene (F) and the non- freckled condition is
due to its recessive allele (f). Dimpled cheeks (D) are
dominant to non-dimpled cheeks (d). Two persons
with freckles and dimpled cheeks have two children:
one has freckles but no dimples and one has dimples
but no freckles.
93) What are the genotypes of the parents?
94) What are the chances that they would have a
child, which lacks both freckles & dimples? What is
the probability that they would have children with
freckles but no dimples?
95) Two normal people have a colorblind son. What
are the genotypes of the parents? What genotypes and
phenotypes are possible among their children?
96) A couple has a colorblind daughter. What are the
possible genotypes and phenotypes of the parents and
the daughter? What about their sons?