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Name: ________________________________________________________________ Period: ________ Main Themes of Biology We Will Study FALL Semester: BIG IDEAS of BIOLOGY Directions: Give the best possible answer for each question below to show Mr. Sears what you already know about biology. Use HOLT Biology textbook, chapters 1-14 to assist you with your answers. A quiz will be given on the content from this assignment next week. 1. List the 7 unifying themes of biology and briefly summarize them in your own words: a. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ c. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ d. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ e. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ f. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ g. _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 2. Briefly describe each level of the scientific method (e.g., stages of scientific investigations): 1. Collect Observations: 2. Ask Questions (Problem Statement): 3. Form a Hypothesis: 4. Make a Prediction: 5. Confirm Predictions through an experiment (explain a-c…study d-f): a. Control Group: b. Independent Variable: c. Dependent Variable: d. Collect Data: This is the experiment that is conducted with measurable results e. Results: NO interpretations of the experiment…show your data that you collected from your experiment here. f. Conclusion: Show your data in a PROPER graph (list the 3 main graphs: I.V. X D.V on X and Y axis when appropriate. 3. Why is it important to understand chemistry while we study biology? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 4. Why do humans need water in order to survive? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 5. What are the four principal classes or organic compounds are we made (e.g., macromolecules)? 1. 2. 3. 4. _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 6. Organize the 10 biological terms in order from most complex to most simple: organ systems, nucleotides, genes, cells, tissue, DNA, organ, atom, body system, chromosomes: 1. _____________________________________________________ 2. _____________________________________________________ 3. _____________________________________________________ 4. _____________________________________________________ 5. _____________________________________________________ 6. _____________________________________________________ 7. _____________________________________________________ 8. _____________________________________________________ 9. _____________________________________________________ 10. _____________________________________________________ 7. When bonds are broken in a molecule, chemical reactions occur. Explain the term that describes these chemical reactions AND explain why these chemical reactions are SO important to our survival: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 8. List the reasons why cells must be small in order to function most efficiently? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 9. Explain the term equilibrium, and why it is important to our cells: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 10. Explain the difference between cellular respiration and photosynthesis (specifically state the empirical formulas for each…e.g., explain what is made and produced in each process): a. Cellular Respiration: ________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ b. Photosynthesis: ______________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________ 11. Explain the difference between a heterotroph and autotroph: _____________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 12. Specifically, in what particular part of an autotroph’s cell does photosynthesis take place? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 13. Specifically, in what part of a heterotroph cell are large amounts of ATP made through the process of cellular respiration? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 14. What is the process by which somatic cells reproduce? ____________________________________________________________________________ 15. What is the process by which sex cells reproduce? ____________________________________________________________________________ 16. What is the process by which prokaryotes reproduce? ____________________________________________________________________________ 17. What is the term that causes inherited diseases? ____________________________________________________________________________ 18. What is the picture below that describes the life cycle of diploid, eukaryotic cells? _________________________________________________________________________________________ 19. Below is a diagram that shows the formation of haploid cells. What form of cell division forms these gametes or spores (Refer to picture below)? _________________________________________________________________________________________ 20. Prokaryotes divide through different processes than somatic and germ cells. What is the name of that process…and what makes this process unique from the other types of cell division? (Refer to picture below) _________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 21. What is the process in metaphase I of meiosis in which we get some traits from our mothers and some traits from our fathers? ____________________________ 22. In the 18th century, Gregor Mendel established a theory from his experiments with pea plants. What is the name of this theory? _____________________________ 23. Different versions of a gene are called traits or: ________________________________ 24. The trait that is expressed (or shown) is called: _____________________________ and the trait that is not expressed (or shown) is called: _____________________________. 25. The set of alleles that an individual has for a character (like eye color) is called its: _______________________________________. The physical appearance of that character (like eye color) is called its: _______________________________________. 26. The picture below shows how traits are inherited over several generations: What is the name of the generational picture? ____________________________________ 27. DNA has four nucleotides (or bases): a. ___________________________________________________________________________ b. ___________________________________________________________________________ c. ___________________________________________________________________________ d. ___________________________________________________________________________ *DNA has 3 parts: a phosphate group, nitrogen bases (e.g. nucleotides), and _______________________________________________. That’s why DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid. Refer to the picture below: 28. DNA replication results in two identical DNA strands with the help from _______________________ ________________________ and _______________________ _______________________. These enzymes unzip the DNA and zip it back up when the copying is done. 29. Gene Expression: The instructions for building proteins are found in a gene and are “rewritten” to a molecule of RNA during transcription. The RNA is then “decoded” during translation (see image below): *Using the image above, identify the correct sequence of how we make new proteins in our body (e.g., grow, heal, etc.) through protein synthesis from the following terms: mRNA, DNA Template, Translation, Amino Acid, Transcription, Codon, Protein. 1. __________________________________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________________________________ 5. _________________________________________________________________________ 6. __________________________________________________________________________ 7. __________________________________________________________________________ 30. Sometimes “mistakes” are made during protein synthesis that can result in genetic disorders. These genetic “mistakes” or “errors” are actually called: ___________________________________________. 31. Why would a genetic disorder like Sickle Cell Anemia be a beneficial mutation? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 32. By comparing the amino acid differences between humans and other animals, we can tell how closely we are related. What is another way in which we can tell how related we are to other species? ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 33. Examine the two pictures below of “The Tempo of Evolution” and explain the terms “Gradualism” and “Punctuated Equilibrium”: ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ 34. The science of naming and classifying organisms (identifying similar traits and grouping them together) is called taxonomy. Scientists use “binomial nomenclature” (a two word system for grouping organisms based on their similar characteristics), put these 8 words in order from most diverse to least diverse: phylum, genus, domain, class, family, species, kingdom, order 1. _______________________________________________________________________________ 2. _______________________________________________________________________________ 3. _______________________________________________________________________________ 4. _______________________________________________________________________________ 5. _______________________________________________________________________________ 6. _______________________________________________________________________________ 7. _______________________________________________________________________________ 8. _______________________________________________________________________________ 35. Analyze the picture of the cladogram below. What trait appeared first, according to taxonomic records: the backbone or an egg? Explain your answer. ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________