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Saturday, December 18, 2010 Social Studies Study Guide Hesham Atoui 7A Ms.Odeh Social Studies Study Guide I. Terms and Definitions 1) An Oasis (plural Oases) is a small area in a dessert that is watered by springs or wells. The dry region in the center of the peninsula is dotted with oases. 2) Nomads were herders, who migrated in search of food and water. they migrated in regular patterns, following water and grazing land for their camel herds. There was a great amount of nomads in the Arabian Peninsula. 3) Families that often join together, to form a tribe. Each tribe was headed by a respected elder called a sheikh. 4) Idols are statues that represent “sons and daughters of god.” During the time of the prophet Muhammad (saw) the Meccan people used to worship the idols and put them in the kaabah for safe keeping. 5) A pilgrimage is a journey to a sacred site. Muslims go on a pilgrimage to Mecca in order to perform Hajj. 6) The Quran is believed by Muslims to be the written record of god’s words. The Quran is the holy book for Muslims, and the guide to heaven. 7) Monotheism is the belief in one god. Islam is an example of a monotheistic belief because they believe Allah is the only god and Muhammad (saw) is their messenger. 8) Islam means “submission” to Allah (swt). Islam has impacted society with all the inventions they had made during the golden ages that now helps us in our daily life (Ex. Soap) 9) Believer in Islam are called Muslims, Muslims are those who submit to Allah’s will. Muslims expanded their land and knowledge during the time of the four rightly guided caliphs. 10) The mosque is the house of worship for Muslims. The first mosque ever created was the kaabah as an assignment sent to Ibrahim (A.S). 11) The Sunna is made up of the Quran and collections of hadith together. Sunna makes up the authentic sources of the Islamic belief and practices. 12) The caliph is an Arabic word meaning “successor”. Caliphs had the same spiritual leadership as the prophet (saw). 13) A council is an assembly, to choose the next caliph. Every one of the guided caliphs named a council including Muhammad (saw). 14) Shiite is the Arabic meaning of “the party of Ali.” Shiites accepted that only members of Muhammad’s (saw) family as their successor. 15) Sunnis are those who claim to follow the Sunna of the prophet. Sunnis accept all four of the caliphs as Muhammad’s successors. They also emphasize that Muhammad’s teaching that every individual has a direct relationship with god. 16) An empire is a number of people or provinces ruled by one central authority. The Muslim empire started to expand during the times of the Umayyads and Abbasids. 17) A bureaucracy is many different departments managed by workers appointed by the caliph or his representatives. A bureaucracy is a system of rule and orders. 18) Emirs are governors appointed directly by the caliph. Emirs are like princes or kings that rule the land. 19) Dissent is a disagreement. Many dissents have lead to wars or something worse. 20) Currency is any form of money being used as medium of exchange. Umayyads made there be the same currency in the areas ruled. 21) Coinage is the categories of types, or quantities of coins issued by a nation. The Umayyads were the first Muslims to do coinage to make coins. 22) Calligraphy is beautiful handwritings. Calligraphy had flourished from under the Abbasids; it is an art and is used as a decoration. 23) Factions are opposing groups. Factions may be several groups that oppose each others decision and leave the empire for others to take over. 24) Legacy is something handed down from an ancestor; something from the past. Cordoba’s greatest legacy, or gifts, to culture and civilizations of the future. 25) Cordoba is the ancient roman city; it was a city of merchants. Cordoba was located in central Spain and Abd al Rahman had captured it from the Christians. 26) Seljuk Turks is a Turkish tribe from central Asia. This tribe ad conquered Baghdad. 27) Abbasids was an empire that ruled from 750 to 1258. They were named the Abbasids after a family headed by al Abbas. 28) Umayyads Empire ruled from 661 to 750 A.D., they were ruling from Damascus, Syria. The Umayyads were the first Arabs to make a coin. 29) Baghdad is located in Iraq; it also is the capital of Iraq. Baghdad was a city of great science and technology; it was rich in gold, sliver, cooper, and iron in trades. Muslim lands were in great demand in the Baghdad market. 30) Revolt is to turn away in rebellion. The faction in the Abbasid Empire revolted against Baghdad. II. Maps and diagrams 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Called to prayer from the minaret Muslims enter the doorway Wash in the ablution (wudu) fountain They pray under the portico While facing the mihrab prayer niche They listen to an address from the pulpit The mihrab and the pulpit are shown at the photograph at the left a) Know how to follow directions on a map b) Know which way is north, east, south, and west. c) Never eat sour watermelons d) One example III. Timeline Time Period 570 A.D 595 A.D 610 A.D 622 A.D What happened during this time Muhammad (saw) was born into the quarish tribe around this year. At 25 Muhammad (SAW) was married to a wealthy widow in the trading business. The wealth gave him freedom to visit mount Hira each year to think. One time while Muhammad went on a visit to mount Hira, he is believed by his followers that he had a vision of Gabriel. He told him to recite in the name of Allah. This was the first ayah revealed to Muhammad. In 622, Muhammad and his followers migrated to medina, an oasis city about 200 miles north of Mecca. This migration to medina is known as Hijrah it marks the begging f the Islamic lunar calendar. 622 A.D. is also 1 A.H. 630 A.D 632 A.D Muhammad was able to put more than 10,000 men, in 630.the army marched on Mecca and the city surrendered without s battle. Muhammad (saw) died in 632 A.D. where it also was the last year of his revelations. IV. Questions 1) How did Islamic culture influence Spain? a) Islamic cultures influenced Spain because it brought them many things such as leatherwork, prayer carpets, ivory box, handcrafts, agriculture flourished, and irrigation enabled them to grow exotic plants like figs, and they also united the Muslims. 2) How did the Abbasid Empire influence the start and the development of the Umayyad government in Cordoba? a) The Abbasid empire influenced the start and the development of the Umayyad government in Cordoba because they (Abbasids) had killed the Umayyads rulers to take over, so the only survivor (Abd al Rahman) united the rest of them and they had accepted because they were mistreated by them and Cordoba plus it brought more resources. 3) What problems led to the fall of central Islamic government? a) The problems led to the downfall of the central Islamic government because the Muslims had not stood strong, they were attacked by Christians and they weren’t able to do anything else. 4) How was Cordoba able to become the center of culture for Western Europe in the 800’s and 900’s? a) Cordoba was able to become the center of culture for Western Europe’s 800 and 900 because the only survivor of the Umayyad leader (Abd al Rahman) moved to the capital to there and united the army and attracting for their workshops. b) It was filled of merchants. 5) Muslims translated many important books of Greek knowledge into Arabic. What English books would you suggest to be translated into Arabic? Make a list of books that should be available in Arabic. Tell why each book is significant. c) They should translate oxford dictionaries, the bible, informational book, and story books. This should be translated because they can learn, compare, contrast, and so they can learn about new types of information like segregation and racism. V. Essay Umayyads Accomplishments 1) Muslim soldiers from Arabia took Attacked Damascus Syria in 635 A.D and captured it. 2) They conquered Mesopotamia in 637 A.D. 3) By the middle 600’s A.D Persia fell to the Muslims. 4) Muawiyah had enough support to take control of the empire in 661 A.D. 5) Muawiyah moved the capital from Muhammad's home to Damascus, Syria. 6) They had control of the Muslims from 661 to 750 A.D. 7) In 711 A.D with the help of Berbers, the Muslims moved northward across the strait of Gibraltar. 8) In 732 A.D the Muslims confronted Charles Martel and his army of franks 9) Martel’s troops stopped the Muslims at the battle of tours in 732 A.D (it the most deceived battle in European history. 10) Abd al Malik became caliph from 685 to 705 A.D, and shaped their culture. 11) The government began to, mint coins around 640 A.D. 12) Abd al Malik was responsible for the first purely Muslim Coins. 13) In 688 A.D during the caliphate of Abd al Malik North America was captured. 14) By 732 A.D they made fewer conquests Abbasids Accomplishment 1) The General Abdullah had invited 80 leaders and killed them 2) By 750 A.D the Abbasid family was able to take control of the Muslim Empire in the east. 3) Baghdad had become the new Muslim empire. 4) The new Abbasid Empire lasted from 750 to 1258 A.D. 5) The years 800 to 1000 A.D. were a period of high achievement in the area of art and literature. 6) Caliph al Ma’mum ruled from 813 to 833 A.D. 7) During the caliphate of Al Ma’mum they founded a school in Baghdad called the house of wisdom. 8) In 751 they captured some Chinese artesian skilled in paper making. They won their freedom in exchange for revealing the secrets of paper making. 9) Modern algebra is based on explorations in mathematics in the early 800s A.D. 10) One doctor, Ar-Razi a Persian born physician of the 900s wrote the first accurate description of the diseases that we know today as measles and smallpox. 11) The Fatimid broke away from the Abbasids by the 900s. 12) By 969 they had conquered most North America and claimed the city of Cairo as their capital. 13) Group continued to break away and they began to become weaker. By 1055 Baghdad was conquered by the Seljuk Turks. 14) It fell to the Mongolian Empire in the 1258 A.D.