Download Islam after Muhammad Arabian Caliphate

Islam after Muhammad
I.
Arabian Caliphate: Muhammad, Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali (from
630-661)
a. Building a Muslim Empire
b. by 661 after Caliph Ali, empire had Persia, SW Asia, and Egypt
II.
III.
IV.
Umayyad Caliphate/Empire forms from 661-750 AD.
a. Expanded empire into India, Afghanistan, No. Africa, up into
Spain
b. Capital is Damascus, Syria
c. Successful b/c of Muslim military, using Arabic language for
business, education, etc.
d. Preaching at Trading Posts
1. Sufis people: missionaries; taught Islam to poor & at
trading posts
2. Converted areas were Indonesia, Timbuktu in West
Africa
Struggles within Islam
a. Strong unified state/gov’t based on Allah
b. Division within Islam
a. Sunni: believe caliph does not have to be descendent of M’s
son-in-law ALI
b. Shia: believe caliph DOES have to be descendent of M’s sonin-law ALI
1. Son-in-law ALI’s two sons killed before ABU BAKR
Abbasids Empire/Caliphate 750-1258 AD
a. Rose after Umayyads angered Persians
1. Unfair taxes, lack of jobs
b. New capital called Baghdad
1. City had trade, education, art, Persian art
b. Seljuk Turks (group of Muslims in central Asia) moved into the
Abbasid Caliphate
a. Began to take over parts of the Abbasids
1. What is Iran and Turkey, then Baghdad in 1055
b. Abbasid caliph remains religious; Seljuk ruler becomes Sultan
1. Okay for 200 years
c. Mongols invade; by 1258 take over Baghdad; Abbasid Caliphate or
Arab Empire ends
Later Muslim Empires: Ottoman Empire
I.
II.
III.
IV.
Ottomans: powerful army; began in Turkey in 1200. Ottoman Empire
a. Conquered Byzantine Empire, pushed north into Constantinople,
capital city
b. Then in Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and parts of Arabia
c. Sultan Suleiman
Ottoman Gov’t lasted until WWI in 1916
a. Laws for Muslims, Christians, and Jews
i. Different laws, higher taxes for non-Muslims
Mongols
a. 1500s: Mongols were separate Muslim empire in India
i. Capital city was Delhi
ii. Mongol Ruler was Akbar
1. Hindus and Muslims worked together
a. Gunpowder, paper, porcelain from China
2. Eventually weakens; Great Britain takes over
Safavid Empire: circa 1501
a. Persian Muslims in east, present-day Iran
b. Conflicted religious ideas with Ottoman Muslims
i. Shia and Sunni factions prevalent as well
ii. Shia were Safavids
iii. Leader Esma’il
1. Made Shia beliefs official religion of region
c. Desire to spread empire by 1588 Leader Abbas
V.
i. Strong military, artillery, use of slavery
ii. Mosques, Persian art, wealthy from trade
Mughal Empire 1526
a. East of Safavid, northern India
b. Babur, then Akbar as leader
i. Tolerant; allowed Muslims, Hindus, low percentage of
Christians to live/work
ii. Culture combined Persian, Islamic, Hindu elements
iii. TAJ MAHAL
iv. Empire collapsed with revolts in 1600s.