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Chapter 5 1. A) B) C) D) E) Natural selection acts on individual __________, not on individual genes. phenotypes karyotypes genotypes whole chromosomes whole communities 2. A) B) C) D) E) The total genetic makeup of a population is the genotype. gene pool. phenotype. karyotype. RNA pool. 3. A) B) C) D) E) The study of the genetic events that occur in a gene pool is geneology. molecular biology. population genetics. phenology. molecular genetics. 4. A) B) C) D) E) One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem is that the size of the population is small. gene frequencies change by chance alone. migration into and out of the population occurs regularly. mating within the population is random. mutations occur regularly. 5. A) B) C) D) E) One of the assumptions of the Hardy-Weinberg theorem is that mating within the population is nonrandom. the size of the population is small. gene frequencies change by chance alone. migration into and out of the population occurs regularly. mutations must not occur or a mutational equilibrium must exist. 6. A group of interbreeding individuals of the same species living in the same time and space that may share genes is a/an A) population. B) ecosystem. C) community. D) biome. E) ecotone. Page 1 7. The work of Peter R. Grant on morphological changes in the bills of Galápagos finches shows that evolution can be A) convergent. B) rapid. C) divergent. D) gradual. E) sympatric. 8. Assuming the conditions set by Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, if the frequency of phenotype A is 96%, the frequency of A in the next generation would be A) 8%. B) 16%. C) 96%. D) 48%. E) Hardy-Weinberg theory cannot predict the frequency of a phenotype, only a genotype. 9. A) B) C) D) E) When the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is achieved, evolution occurs slowly and at a constant rate. occurs rapidly and at a constant rate. occurs in “bursts.” does not occur. alternates between a constant rate and “bursts,” but never ceases. 10. A) B) C) D) E) The elephant seal and the cheetah are often cited as excellent examples of the founder effect. genetic bottlenecks Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. directional selection. allopatric selection. 11. When natural selection favors certain phenotypes in a population, the population is responding to: A) selection pressure. B) peer pressure. C) teleology. D) equilibrium pressure. E) genetic drift. 12. __________ selection may occur when a phenotype at one extreme of a distribution is at a disadvantage. A) Deleterious B) Directional C) Disruptive D) Discretional E) Stabilizing Page 2 13. A) B) C) D) E) An excellent example of directional selection is aposematic coloration. Mullerian mimicry. change in the coloration of the peppered moth during the Industrial Revolution. cryptic coloration. that Limulus has remained relatively unchanged over millions of years. 14. When individuals of an intermediate phenotype are at a relative disadvantage within the population, __________ selection is occurring. A) directional B) deleterious C) stabilizing D) disruptive E) discretionary 15. A form of natural selection that occurs when both phenotypic extremes are selected against is __________ selection. A) directional B) deleterious C) discretionary D) disruptive E) stabilizing 16. A) B) C) D) E) An excellent example of stabilizing selection is the external body form of a: horseshoe crab. dendrobatid frog. peppered moth. Viceroy butterfly. Monarch butterfly. 17. When chance events influence the frequency of alleles within a population, __________ has occurred. A) preadaptation B) genetic drift C) adaptation D) adaptive radiation E) genetic radiation 18. A) B) C) D) E) Genetic drift is most likely to have noticeable effects in: large populations where migration occurs regularly. small populations where migration occurs regularly. large populations where mutation occurs regularly. small, isolated populations. small populations where mutation and migration occur regularly. Page 3 19. A form of genetic drift called the __________ effect occurs when a few individuals that do not carry a representative sample of the gene pool of the parent population colonize a new habitat. A) unidirectional selection B) population bottleneck C) neutral allele D) disruptive selection E) founder effects 20. Vertebrate hemoglobin and myoglobin are thought to have arisen from a common ancestral molecule due to __________ and subsequent modification. A) gene duplication B) multiple replication of DNA C) crossing over D) aneuploidy E) multiple transcription of mRNA 21. When numbers of individuals in a population are drastically reduced, but later greatly expand, a form of genetic drift called the __________ effect occurs. A) bottleneck B) neutral C) disruptive D) founder E) reduction 22. When migration into or out of a population occurs, changes in gene frequency occur. A descriptive term for this process is A) genetic drift. B) gene flow. C) gene migration. D) genetic disruption. E) positive selection. 23. A) B) C) D) E) Evolution in __________ populations of animals is believed to occur extremely rarely. sympatric parapatric allopatric small reproductively isolated Page 4 24. __________ occurs in a single species when two or more distinct body forms exist without a range of phenotypes between them. A) Anthropomorphism B) Phenotypic multiplicity C) Genetic drift D) Stable polymorphism E) Form selection 25. In a human population carrying the gene for sickle-cell anemia, and exposed to malaria, several genotypes persist in a A) sex-linked trait. B) genetic drift. C) disruptive selection. D) the bottleneck effect. E) balanced polymorphism. 26. The biological definition of a __________ is a group of populations in which genes are actually, or potentially, exchanged through interbreeding. A) species B) cohort C) cline D) subspecies E) community 27. A) B) C) D) E) A requirement for speciation is that subpopulations continue to interact with one another. become reproductively isolated from one another. undergo clining. never experience mutations. exhibit balanced polymorphism. 28. A) B) C) D) E) Geographic isolation can lead to speciation, and when it does, the speciation is called allelopathic. parapatric. allopatric. parapathetic. sympatric. 29. A) B) C) D) E) Parapatric speciation may occur among small, local populations called demes. clines. cohorts. communities. pools. Page 5 30. Darwin perceived evolutionary change as occurring gradually over millions of years; this has been the traditional interpretation of the pace of evolution and is referred to as A) punctuated equilibrium. B) gradualistic equilibrium. C) phyletic gradualism. D) phyletic punctuation. E) the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. 31. In the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, periods of stasis are characterized by __________ selection. A) directional B) disruptive C) deleterious D) stabilizing E) neutral 32. A) B) C) D) E) In the punctuated equilibrium model of evolution, periods of evolution are: long, with gradual change long, with rapid change long, with fluctuating change short, with slow change short, with rapid change Page 6