Download Study Guide 2016

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Miss Badean
Date________
AP Biology
Evolution Test Study Guide
What is evolution?
Darwin’s Theory of Natural Selection
What does it mean to be “fit” in terms of evolution
Artificial versus Natural Selection
Examples of Natural Selection that can be observed
Can individual organisms evolve?
Sources of Genetic Variation – MULTIPLE – in individual organisms and population
Evidence of Evolution - Specifics - Fossil Record, Homologous Structures, Vestigial Structures,
Comparative Embryology and Comparative Biochemistry (DNA sequences, amino acid sequences,
Proteins present...) - How are these evidences of evolution?
Microevolution versus Macroevolution
Mechanisms of Microevolution – Mutations, Genetic Drift, Natural Selection, Sexual Selection, Gene
Flow)
Hardy-Weinberg Principle - What does it mean? What is it used for?
Equations for Hardy-Weinberg - What does each variable mean?
Practice solving Hardy Weinberg Problems - SOLVE FOR q^2 first!!!
5 conditions that must be met to satisfy HW equilibrium
Heterozygote advantage and sickle cell anemia - what is the significance
Definition of a species - why are there multiple definitions?
Biological, Morphological, Phylogenetic, Ecological
Reproductive Isolation - What does it mean and how could it lead to speciation?
Hybrid Organism
Pre-zygotic barriers - 5 of them - What are they and how do they prevent interspecies matings?
Temporal, Behavioral, Gametic, Mechanical, and Habitat
Post-zygotic barriers - 3 of them - What are they and how to they prevent speciation?
Hybrid Breakdown, Reduced Hybrid Viability, Reduced Hybrid Fertility
**Good to know an example of these!!**
What is speciation?
Allopatric versus Sympatric - should be able to describe these
Sympatric - Sexual Selection, Habitat Isolation, Polyploidy - How can each of these lead to sympatric
speciation?
Adaptive Radiation - What is it and how does it lead to TONS of species diversity?
Rates of speciation:
Gradualism – slow, gradual changes in species over time – transitional fossils show these
changes
Punctuated Equilibrium – long periods of stasis, followed by major changes in species – ex:
mass extinctions followed by massive increase in species present
Define extinction
Possible sources of mass extinctions
Conditions of Early Earth
4 Stages that result in the formation of life
Hypotheses of how organic molecules may have come into existence
Stanley-Miller Experiment - Describe what he did and what his conclusions were and what his
conclusions imply
Evidence for the “RNA world” hypothesis
Endosymbiotic Theory - Creation of Eukaryotic cells from prokaryotic cells
How did oxygen enter the atmosphere from the seas?
How many billions of years ago did this take place? “oxygen revolution”
When did multicellular eukaryotic organisms arise? What evidence supports this idea
What do ALL living things have in common - What are some characteristics that support the idea of
ALL organisms sharing “one universal ancestor”
Phylogenetic Trees / Cladograms - What are they and Why are they useful?
-Be able to create a phylogenetic tree from given information
-Be able to read a phylogenetic tree and determine relatedness between organisms; find recent
common ancestors…etc…